Graphene: Development and Applications

Graphene Development and ApplicationsNumber of blow hints jammed in a flavorless (2D) grid cells as flat bingle layer give the graphene. This is a key somaing block for graphitic visibles of tout ensemble sizes. It give the gate be enclosed in fullerenes (0D), rolled into 1D nanotubes or lade into three dimensional graphite.A serious step forward in the assume of graphene was when Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from Manchester extracted Singlet thick cryst eitherites (graphene) from crude graphite in 2004.The unparalleled electronic properties of graphene produce an unexpectedly lavishly opacity for unrivaled atomic monolayer, with amazingly simple value it absorbs 2.3 % of white light . This is a matter of the unusually low energy electronic structure of monolayer graphene saws which electrons and holes tapered rescript which meet each other at the point Dirac which is qualitatively diametric from the to a greater extent common solid squ atomic number 18 zones. In 2008 carried out the starting time experiment proves that graphene is the strongest material that exists in nature. The measurements showed that graphene has a tensile strength of light speed times greater than steel.Graphene is variant from most conventional 3D materials. The open firecel Graphene presents a semimetal or zero-gap semiconductor.Been a long time since we talked through the Medgreece in graphene and its unique properties. Graphene is a material which was discovered relatively recently, and its primary(prenominal) flip got is that it is a graphite sheet consisting of a lattice of carbon atoms associate together as sh avow in the photo of the article ( we could characterize as a wire ) which has a heaviness of a single atom . So far it has been described as the ideal replacement for atomic number 14 , and has a very low resistance and higher conductivity which can lead to the creation of faster chips for computers . And all at room temperature . Where else co uld save be used graphene ?From the University of California , and Alexander Balandin (Chair of Materials Science and Engineering), investigated the possibility of use graphene sheets as heat conductors .The researchers call these cards allayers ( like a quilt ) and that is because the graphene sheets be not homogeneous provided consist of flakes graphene , which overlap creating a spreadsheet. Only unlike the quilt ( we all know ) the quilt of graphene flakes pass on not retain heat, but impart remove it .The graphene sheets can be used to extract heat from parts of a circuit which, receivable to the high speed flow of electrons ( current) grouchyly heated , which leads to impaired blend of the circuit. Helping the diffusion of that heat , graphene will help create sdti a great deal faster chip .Graphene based on measurements made by the researchers shows unusually high thermal conductivity that surpasses even that of diamond and carbon nanotubes.The properties o f graphene , (electrical conductivity , low resistance , high thermal conductivity ) find no scope only chip electronic circuits. As we mentioned previously this engineering science could even be used to improve the photovoltaic , since one of the main problems (in terms of per plaster bandageance ) is the high resistance of the conductor carrying the current. Graphene thanks to its properties , could essentially increase their performanceChapter 1 Carbon Nanostructures1.1 A new build of materialsThe monotonous (2D) crystalline materials have only recently been identified and investigated. 1 The runner material that falls into this category, is graphene, a singlet carbon layer. This new material has unique properties that prove it extremely interesting both as underlying fellowship, as well as for future applications. The electronic properties of graphene, for example, have resulted in an unusual quantum Hall 2, 3. It is a transp atomic number 18nt conductor 4 with a thickne ss equal to the extent of zp orbital of an atom of carbon (0,344 nm). It in any case has parallels with the physics of elementary particles which for example displays an unusual tunneling 5, 6, which was predicted by the Swedish Natural Oscar Klein 7. Additionally, graphene exhibits magnificent mechanical and electrical properties. Its mechanical strength is greater than steel season it can be bent. The thermal and electrical conductivity is very high and can be used as a flexible conduit. The Andre K. Geim and Kostantin S. Novoselov from the University of Manchester, were awarded the 2010 Nobel pillaging for the production, isolation and identification of graphene 1.1.2 Forms of carbonCarbon is perhaps the most kindle element of the periodic table. It is the basis of DNA and intent on earth. O coal occurs in different forms. The most common form of carbon, graphite, which consists of full-bo manyd sheet changes hexagonal structure. At high pressures, the diamond is created, which is a metastable form of carbon.A relatively new form of molecular carbon, are the Fullerenes (Fullerenes) 8. The most ordinary fullerene consists of 60 carbon atoms (60 C) and has the shape of a football. It is consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons which enable the surface to form a ball. The discovery of fullerenes was awarded the Nobel repute in Chemistry in 1996. The existence of a pseudo-one-dimensional form of carbon, carbon nanotubes, has been cognize for many decades and the existence of single-wall carbon nanotubes in 1993 9. The nanotubes are make by winding of a graphene sheet so as to make headway a cylindrical shape with hemispherical ends with a configuration homogeneous to that of the fullerene. The electronic and mechanical properties of metallic nanotubes, show many similarities with those of graphene.It was already kn receive that the toner is composed of hexagonal carbon levels which are stacked on upper side of one another but scientists believed that such a singlet carbonate sheet could not be produced. In 2004, however, scientists A. Geim, K. Novoselov and colleagues 1 showed that such an psyche could be isolated and was stable. The singlet this level carbon called graphene.Figure 1.1. The graphene sheets form the primal structure of the graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes 11. It should be noted that structures similar to graphene has been known since the mid-sixties 10 but there were experi intellectual difficulties in isolating them and raises doubts about whether this would be possible. The amazing thing is that a simple pencil contains graphite and as it moves the paper, toner levels separated in a very small part of which contains some of singlet layers of graphite, ie graphene. The difficulty is not the production of graphene structures but quite to isolate large quantities of singlet levels for the identification, characterization and study its properties. This just managed to make the Geim and Novoselov.1 .3 GrapheneGraphene is called a singlet level of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, with nearest neighbor distance of atoms 0.142 nm. It is the first truly two-dimensional crystalline material and is representative of a unhurt class of two-dimensional materials which includes for examplePsycho neighborly Critical military rank Case Study of RoryPsycho amicable Critical Evaluation Case Study of RoryPsycho affable Critical Evaluation Case Study of Rory macrocosmPsycho neighborly theory originates from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic case score, which has had a pro ground and lasting impact on loving acetify (Kenny and Kenny, 2000). This assignment will use the case study of Rory, a fifteen course old boy living in a family home with his fellow, mother and stepmother. Throughout the assignment Rorys kind environment and his relationships inwardly this environment will be analysed in give to understand how these factors have shaped his development. Following on fro m this an evaluation of convention determine as an handling method to support and empower Rory shall be searchd. Group run short will be taken as secernate for practice, where tender make believe practice is carried out in assorts (Doel, 2000, p.148). Psycho neighborly theories will be explored into how they influence group cook and group dynamics, and the way group puddle can be used to change and adjust dysfunctional kindly environments. In doing so, the model of psycho affable theory and its relevance to social work will be explored, and how useful it is in understanding customers and promoting their best interests. In order to critique the model of psychosocial theory, and explore how it influences our perception of the human condition, we must have a clear idea of what we mean by the term. Modern social work theorists have stressed the importance of applying the correct competency to the individual soul, with regard to their social environment (Hutchinson, 2008) . It sees people as products of the interaction among their biogenetic endowment, the effects of significant relationships, the impact of life experiences, and their participation in societal, heathen and current events (Turner, 1978, p.2). The social work profession, can see the individual person as interdependent with their environment, which they are able to influence and change (Kondrat, 2002). By seeing individuals as being uniquely shaped by their environment, it helps social workers avoid the issues of social identity theory. Rather than categorising or stereotyping people, social workers are able to empathise and see all service users as individuals (Tajfel and Turner, 1979, cited in Gaine, 2010). The main ideas of psychosocial theory are reflected in other social work theories and methods, such as bodys and make upment theory. Both theories developed from the imply to build upon the traditional psychoanalytic model of individual therapy (Walker, 2012), and the idea that individual experiences with families were continually being shaped and influenced by the evolving interaction patterns of communion. For group work to be beneficial there must be a mindfulness of the social context or sociology of the individual and group. Understanding individuals who compromise the group requires knowledge of psychosocial functioning and development through the life cycle but as well as the impact of the groups structure and process on the members behaviour. A group cannot be understood without knowledge of members in their individual social context (Northern and Kurland, 2001, p.35). This promotes and encourages variation indoors the group, as practitioners are mindful of differences within the group, and how they can be citationed to promote social skills such as empathy and respect. If a lymph glands environment and social context has been dysfunctional, as in Rorys case, the group work can provide a model of a goodly culture through the group set, colloquy patterns, and the way it addresses interpersonal conflict (Northern and Kurland, 2001).Having explored the connection between group work and psychosocial theory, two theories of social work shall be applied and explored next. Attachment theory focuses on the quality of the fasteners in the significant relationships in a clients erstwhile(prenominal) (Bowlby, 1979, 1988). Bowlbys theory of bail stresses the importance of former(prenominal) relationships by determining which will develop emotionally and socially, and form relationships in the future. Bowlby was in particular concerned with the interactions and attachments that individuals had with their parents or carers. The superpower of a infant to attach to a parent or carer, the level of consistency of the parent or carer to meet the emotional needs of a child and the ability of the child to feel safe and secure, predicted how the child would develop emotionally. This theory has particular relevance and importance for this case study. The relationship between Rory and his mother can be recognised as a disorganised attachment. His mothers bi-polar bother message her behaviour is in consistent at times, ascribable to her having stable periods but when her mood is very bleak she neglects the needs of Rory and his brother. From this behaviour Rory receives mixed messages, release him feeling anxious and unable to explain and possibly understand his own feelings (Bowlby, 1988). His father appears to display as insecure or ambivalent attachment, this is due to him demonstrating an inconsistency in his attitude to Rory, neglecting contact for several weeks at a time. His unpredictable behaviour and failure to display attention in a consistent way leads to anxiety and distress for Rory.Attachment theory is stabilizing to social workers in planning intervention, as they have insight into how noncurrent experiences of the service user can impact on their behaviour, and their ability to form rela tionships. For example, at the Youth Club Rory is seen as increasingly withdrawn and preposterous by the youth workers. This may be due to his disorganised attachments impacting upon his ability to behave in social situations. Preston-Shoot and Agass (1990) explains that the development and quality of relationships can be influenced by considering the impact of the clients feelings on behaviours. Group work can be a powerful tool when based on attachment theory issues. Egeland and Erikson (1993) and Eriskon et al., (1992) described a group in which young, wild mothers were brought together for weekly group sessions from the time their children were born until they were one year old. Group work was effective here for two modestnesss. Firstly, through the remedial relationship itself, or the relationship with the group facilitator, in which the facilitator maintains a sinewy, accessary alliance with the parent, proving such relationships are possible (Erikson et al., 1992, p.5 01). When using any intervention, it is important to create a working alliance, in which the patient has confidence that the practitioner can help (Holmes, 2001). Due to Rory having all his immediate adult relationships in his life being inconsistent and causing him anxiety, having another which proves to be consistent in his life, one that is dependable, may improve his self-esteem and address problems he is exhibiting in social situations, such as at the Youth Club. The reason he may be attending the Youth Club could be due to him searching for that consistency and dependable person he needs, as the Youth Club is a weekly activity which is always there. The healthful relationship gives Rory a secure base (Holmes, 2001, p.17) where the task can repugn assumptions and relationship patterns.Group work would overly introduce Rory to a embarrassment of perspectives and individuals. Through this, Rory may become conscious of thoughts and attitudes that were previously unconscious (H olmes, 2001). In listening to and working with others Rory may build up his self-esteem. As he begins to form relationships with members of the group, he has models of healthy and functional relationships that are different from his own attachments with family members. This could increase his confidence, addressing problems of withdrawn and erratic behaviour that have been raised by Youth Workers at Youth Club. A number of studies have shown group work can improve social skills (Reid and Hammond, 2001 Fargan and Jones, 2002). Group work also promotes diverseness as those it helps do not feel isolated or alienated by their problems through sharing experiences in a reverent and tolerant environment they gain insight into the sufferings and challenges of others, and methods to overcome this. Groupwork as a form of learning extends beyond this, as groups offer members feedback that is often more effective coming from peers than from a social worker (Northern and Kurland, 2001). When d one sensitively and constructively, such feedback helps clients such as Rory with their social skills and their ability to build relationships outside of the group.A weakness of this theory, however, may that does it is not sufficiently encompassing of all the social forces that act on the individual. Psychosocial theory holds that we should acknowledge the role in human development of temperament, racism, poverty, social class, and other environmental conditions (criticism outlined in Coady and Lehman, 2007). Group dynamics and interactions cannot be understood through individuals relationships with their parents alone. Psychosocial theory assists social workers in understanding and analysing the situations and behaviours of their client. This provides practitioners with insight into what has occurred in the past or what may occur in the future. However, some argue that attachment theory does not paint a picture of the client whole by attributing all of Rorys behaviours and concern s to his parents, the practitioner may neglect the wider social context that is acting on him.Systems theory may offer a more encompassing picture of Rorys social context. This theory holds that individuals and their environments are separate systems that are interconnected and interdependent (Teater, 2010). By persuasion of families as living systems, systems theories are able to think about how dynamics are constantly altering as each family member deals with life interior and outside the family. Rorys withdrawn behaviour, and self-destructive thoughts can be attributed to the frequence with which his family dynamics change. This change is at times dramatic for example the dislocation of his parents relationship, or his sister leaving the family home- but also in the inconsistencies due to his stepfathers temper and mothers mental illness. Systems theory also promotes tolerance and diversity, as it recognises that there is no one model for a healthy, functioning family (Walker , 2012). A change or figurehead in one of these systems results in change or movement in the others. In Rorys case, social systems theory is useful as it allows social workers to identify which system requires an intervention (Teater, 2010). The key question is does this structure work for this family and does it allow for the healthy development and maturation of family members? As such, the Munro spread over confirms that a systems perspective offers the most holistic tool for undertaking certified assessment work that takes into full account the wide environmental factors feature with the inter-personal relationship patterns that influence family experiences (cited in Walker, 2012). Furthermore, a familys structure and disposal allows social workers to determine, to some extent what is possible within a particular family. Thinking of families systematically also ensures no family member is marginalised (Walker, 2012). One-to-one intervention with Rory will have an impact on the whole family system his mother, brother and stepfather will be affected, and also the family dynamic as a whole.As such, group work is an effective method of intervention according to social systems theory. This is because it avoids the risk that the familys problems and their solutions are individualised. By placing Rory in a different group dynamic, one that has been constructed by a facilitator or practitioner, social workers may be able to assess which elements of the familys structure need intervention, and where Rory and the family need extra support. By assessing Rorys patterns of communication and interaction outside his family dynamic, practitioners may gain greater insight into his specific needs and methods that can be used to support and empower him.Groupwork for families links closely to the family therapy movement (pioneered by figures such as Murray Bowen, Jay Haley, and Virginia Satir). The family therapy movement advocates general features as a means by which to assess the way groups of relatives organise themselves over time, creating stable patterns, that are inclined to return to familiar states. As such, one of the beliefs is that systems tend to be self-correcting, based on positive or negative feedback (Coady and Lehmen, 2007). By using groupwork intervention with Rory, he may feel empowered and supported to address and correct the patterns and familiar states of his family, rather than simply removing himself from situations. Furthermore, the counsellor or practitioner can address the dysfunctional and destructive subsystems that exist within Rorys family.A concern surrounding this theory of social work, however, is the emphasis social systems theory places on suitation. The purpose of the group work intervention is to explore how systems can be adjusted and change to create a healthy and supportive structure. As such, some fear that practitioners are encouraging clients to resign to oppressive circumstances (Coady and Lehmen, 2 007). From this perspective, Rory may be being taught to accept and adapt to the hostile and threatening behaviour of his stepfather, or the neglect he sometimes faces from his mother. This can be addressed by being mindful of social works traditional concern with social justice- an integration of values such as social justice and social systems based thinking is possible. To do this, practitioners must be self-reflective and question their own values and assumptions, particularly in terms of prejudice and diversity, in order to ensure that the clients best interests are at the heart of group work intervention.An awareness of social circumstance is also important in tackling diversity with regard to mental health. Parental mental health, and the disruption to parenting capacity has been found to have profound and persistent implications for children and their parents (Smith, 2004). As such, it has been advocated that social workers have alter access to training that assists with ps ychosocial interventions, such as group work (National bring in for Mental Health in England, 2005). This helps us to understand the quality of attachment between Rory and his mother. Rory himself is displaying behaviours that may point to mental health, particularly disclosing suicidal thoughts. look into shows that social work plays a significant role of social work in promoting the involvement of people using services and developing systemic approaches to practice with families (Gilbert, 2007). Diversity is important here- social workers must address societal stigmas regarding mental health. Effective intervention can also promote diversity by helping those with mental health to function and become complex in society. A psychosocial approach helps us to understand Rorys patterns of communication and behaviour, as it gives us insight into the formative relationships, experiences and environments that have categorised his life thus far. This puts troubling behaviours, such as se lf-destructive and suicidal thoughts, within a social context that can be used as the basis for assessment and intervention. Our chosen intervention method, group work, is also reveal about how Rory can be supported and empowered. By modelling healthy and secure relationships, and developing Rorys social skills, Rorys future relationships do not have to be influenced solely by dysfunctional attachments with his parents and stepfather. By understanding his family as a system, and observing Rory but within that system and in other groups, insight is gained into how Rorys social context can be adapted in order to promote the healthy growth of all its members.