Manila Metropolitan Theater Essay Example for Free

manila Metropolitan Theater EssaySomething that possesses true beauty such as The Met will never drowse off its allure and splendor regardless of age and time. Anyone who passes by Lawton, Manila in one way or another may have seen the Manila Metropolitan Theater, The Met, or the great dame of theaters as others would diagnose it. It is a structure still noticeable for its grandeur and opulence in spite of being built in the year 1931.On March 3, 2013, we made our way to Padre Burgos Avenue, Manila, to witness the true magnificence of The Met. The recovered Art Deco style building that was designed by Filipino Arch. Juan Arellano came into view and noticeable right aside were its pinkish faded walls adorned with cloud engravings, spires, and bronze sculptured deities by the Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo. capiz and colorful tiles in an ethnic Malayan design atomic number 18 used for lights. And at the center of it enamor sits the stained glass made by Kraut Art Glas s, a German company.Inside the lobby, noticeable are the woodcarvings of mangoes, bamboos, bananas and native plants on the walls and ceiling. By the staircase are sculptures of Malakas Maganda and the paintings of Fernando Amorsolo. The proscenium arch is seen by the theater stop in perfect view of the 1670 seats. But what could be the most impressive part is the Grand dance palacea striking room that has regal chandeliers, parquet wood flooring and a balcony leading to an splay area.Our visit made us realize that during its celebrated days, The Met is home to theatrical performances, operas, musicals and zarzuelas but today, sadly it is unexpended dusty, abandoned with falling debris, rooms filled with flood water or having dilapidated floors, cobwebs and litter. But despite this, its magnificence craves to be revived. It is a treasure waiting to relive its glory and be a testament to the true beauty of Manila.

Teanage Driving Essay Example for Free

Tean time driving EssayImagine you just hit a railrailway car head-on. Its probably because you are under the influence. This is why experts say the driving age should be embossed to age 18. The minimum driving age differs from state to state. The lowest driving age in the joined States is 13. That is in the state of Nebraska. You create to be thirteen years old qualify for a nurture husbandry permit. The 13 year old croup operate saturnine-road vehicles used in farming. The g all overnment is considering altitude the legal driving age. It should be raised because most of the teens who willing or are driving will be doing things they know they should not do.They do things alike texting on their cell phone and speeding over the limit. It is also because they are under peer pressure. elevator car accidents are mostly caused be teenagers. They take their testify lives when they dont wear their seat belts or are out past their curfews. The law keeps the choose age at 18 and buying alcohol at 21 but let a 16 years old collapse the responsibility of taking the busy streets. The legal driving age should be raised to age 18 because most teenagers are not responsible, most teens text dapple driving, and lives can be saved.First, the driving age should be raised because most teens are not responsible. Car crashes that are caused by teenage drivers are the number one assassinateer of teens in America today. They protrude most surrounded by 15 and 21 year old. 13% of teens said that they have been in a car with the driver had drunk alcohol before driving. 14% of teens say that they drive after(prenominal) drinking. 36% of teens say that they had ridden with a driver who had been drinking. Motor vehicle crashes dash off between 5,000 to 6,000 people every year. Driving is something that requires focus and decision making. Teenagers are still developing self- tell and appropriate emotional responses to a deceaserence that might be going on. Road rage is used to describe the emotional response of something like anger or frustration that teens can experience while behind the wheel.Some teenagers get psychic trauma just because they know that they should put on their seat belt and they dont. Also, it is because the teenager doesnt go home at their curfew. If a teenager wears his seat belt it reduces the risk of dying by 45%. Teenagers are the youngest people to not wear their seat belt. Teenage drivers are much likely to have a car accident since theyre under the influence of alcohol. A drivers pass provides privileges other than driving. Four out of six teens that drinks and drive kill drivers 20 or younger that prove in a fatal crash. One out of three teens will have a car accident within the first two years of driving.Secondly, the driving age should be raised because teens are texting while driving. 56% of teenagers answer and make phone calls while they are driving. 13% of teens say that they have sent and responded to text messages while driving. 45% of teens said that they would speak up if someone else was driving in a way that scared them. Texting while driving gives you a four times of a venture to having a car accident. Distracted drivers account for 80% of crashes that was from 18 to 20 year old. If we get teenagers off of the roads, then there would be fewer car crashes.Next, if teenagers dont drive, lives can be saved. Allison Reboratti was a 19 year old. She had boy hotshot named Steven Filipak. They both are in the state of Pennsylvania. Steven had driven them to Stevens friends house. Steven got drunk and passed out. When he got conscious the both of them left. He got conscious on the early morning time of May 9, 2001. Allison had let Steven drive the car home. Neither of them had their seat belt on when Steven had lost control of the car. He had hit a sign post, a fence, and an evergreen tree. Someone had called the paramedics. When the paramedics arrived, Allison was found dead lying across Stevens lap. Steven was breathing, but unconscious. He was taken to the hospital. He had broken bones and brain damage. He had to stay in the hospital for five months. This story proves that the driving age should be raised. Male drivers between the ages of 15 and 20 were involved in fatal crashes. 37% were speeding and 26% were drinking.Five pct of teenagers admit to driving a car after drinking alcohol. Eight hundredths percent of drivers have alcohol in their blood. Almost three out of four teen drivers were killed in a crash after drinking and driving and they wasnt wearing a seat belt. 56% of teens deaths glide by on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. Fatal crashes rate from 16 to 19 year old. Teenage drivers are more likely to get into a car accident than older drivers. 55% of teens said that they go over ten miles per hour the limit. Some teens even go over 80 miles per hour while driving. 17% of teens say that they think that speeding is fun. 44% of teens said that t hey would drive more safely if their friends were not in the car. 67% of teens said that they felt unsafe would when someone else was driving. 37% of teens say that they would thrust with one or more friends who speed in the coming year. Over 40% of teen crashes deaths occur between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 60% of teens auto deaths occur before midnight.Therefore, the driving age should be raised to age 18. It should be raised because most teenagers are not responsible, text while driving, and lives can be saved. Also, it should be raised because most teenagers under age drink and their drinking leads to them having car accidents. Teenagers kill thousands of people every year. Lots of teenagers make and answer phone calls while they are driving. In addition, teens kill more people than mid-aged adults. That concludes the reasons why the driving age should be raised to age 18.

Civil Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights and Responsibilities demonstrateThe Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution shortly after its ratification. These amendments guarantee legitimate political, procedural, and property well(p)s against infringement by the internal government (Patterson, 2009). A bill of rights is what the throng be entitled to against every government on earth, prevalent or particular, and what no just government should ref drop, or rest on influence (Thomas Jefferson). The First Amendment provides the presentation for exemption of expression which is the right of soulfulness Americans to hold and communicate views of their choosing (Patterson, 2009). The motivation of the Bill of Rights was to guarantee individual rights and unornamenteddoms. The First Amendment reflects this tradition, providing for exemption of godliness along with independence of speech, press, assembly, and petition. The three provisions of the First Amendment are the freedom of speech, assembly a nd religion.The freedom of speech states that you are free to say almost anything except that which is obscene, slanders another person, or has a high probability of inciting others to take imminent lawless action. The freedom of assembly states that you are free to assemble, although government may regulate the time and place for reasons of domain convenience safety, provided such regulations are use evenhandedly to all groups. The freedom of religion states that you are protected from having the religious beliefs of others imposed on you, and you are free to believe what you like. Freedom of religion simply means citizens look at freedom to attend a church, synagogue, temple or mosque of their choice, or not to attend at all.The First Amendment allows us to practice our religion the way we want to. When talking virtually freedom of religion and the First Amendment I think about religion in the prepares. Every since the Supreme Court held school-sponsored prayer unconstitution al in the early 1960s, on that point has ben a concerted and well-funded campaign to reintroduce religion in public schools. Public schools themselves should not be in the business of promoting particular religious beliefs or religious activities and they should protect children from being coerced by others to consent religious (or anti-religious beliefs.A Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission inquiry ruled in July that the Saskatoon Board of teaching must end a practice of giving teachers the option of conducting prayers in public school classrooms and assemblies. In practice, the choice has been primarily the Lords Prayer. The ruling will not change practices in separate schools. The inquiry followed a complaint six years ago by nine parents, including Muslims, Jews, Unitarians and atheists. About 20% of the 550 public school classrooms in Saskatoon begin the day with prayer. The decision may be appealed in hook (Globe and Mail, 1999). The alliance between religion and governm ent in the United States when it comes to the United States Constitution is governed by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which some(prenominal) prevents the government from engrafting religion and protects privately initiated religious expression and activities from government interference and discrimination.The First Amendment thus establishes certain limits on the conduct of public school officials as it relates to religious activity, including prayer. Prayer should not have been taken out of schools. Parents should be sent home a letter opting out of religious activities and employees should be give the same option, but taken it out of schools was ridiculous. The case of Engel v. Vitale (1962) went to the Supreme Court and the case was about a time in 1951 the young York State Board of Regents (the State board of education) approved a 22-word nonsectarian prayer for recitation each morning in the public schools of New York. It read Almighty God, we adjudge our depe ndence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. The Regents believed that the prayer could be a useful tool for the development of character and trade good citizenship among the students of the State of New York.The prayer was offered to the school boards in the State for their use, and participation in the prayer-exercise was voluntary. In New Hyde Park, New York, the jointure Free School District No. 9 directed the local mind to have the prayer said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of the school day. The parents of ten pupils in the New Hyde Park schools objected to the prayer. They filed suit in a New York State court seeking a ban on the prayer, insisting that the use of this official prayer in the public schools was contrary to their own and their childrens beliefs, religions, or religious practices. The State appeals court upheld the use of the prayer, so long as the schools did not compel any p upil to join in the prayer over his or his parents objection (infoplease.com).The Freedom to Assemble gives people the right to assemble peacefully without causing any harm to others. As much as I do not score with the KKK views and opinions they should be able to assemble if they do it in a peaceful manner. The First Amendment prohibits government from abridging the right of the people pacifically to assemble. This basic freedom ensures that the spirit of the First Amendment survives and thrives even when the majority of citizens would rather jam expression it finds offensive. Over the course of our history, freedom of assembly has protected individuals espousing myriad viewpoints. Striking workers, civil rights advocates, anti-war demonstrators and Ku Klux Klan marchers have all taken to the streets and sidewalks in protest or in support of their causes.Sometimes these efforts have galvanized public support or changed public perceptions. Imagine a civil rights movement without t he March on majuscule or the womens suffrage movement without ranks of long-skirted, placard-carrying suffragists filling city streets. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized the importance of this freedom in the 1937 case De Jonge v. State of Oregon, writing that the right to peaceable assembly is a right related to to those of free speech and free press and is equally fundamental. According to the Court, the right to assemble is one that cannot be denied without violating those fundamental principles which lie at the base of all civil and political institutions (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org).The KKKs right to assemble peaceably was secured by the famous 1977 case of National Socialist Party v. Skokie, in which the American Civil Liberties Union successfully argued that the First Amendment prohibited officials of Skokie, Ill., from banning a march by the National Socialist Party. Skokie is a Chicago suburb that is home to many Holocaust survivors. One federal judge reasoned that it is intermit to allow those who preach racial hatred to expend their venom in rhetoric rather than to be panicked into embarking on the dangerous course of permitting the government to decide what its citizens may say and hear (archive.firstamendmentcenter.org).In conclusion, the First Amendment of the United States protects the rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression as well as freedom of assembly from government interference. Freedom of expression consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a sort out of grievances, and the implied rights of association and belief. The Supreme Court interprets the extent of the protection afforded to these rights. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government even though it is only expressly applicable to Congress. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The Establishment Clause and the Free do Cla use are both clauses in the First Amendment that guarantee freedom of religion.The Establishment Clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one religion over another. It enforces the separation of church and state. The Free Exercise Clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a persons practice of their religion. The right to assemble allows people to fit for peaceful and lawful purposes. Implicit within this right is the right to association and belief. With that being said, all people should be having some kind of freedom. They should be able to boycott and assemble peacefully without causing any harm to anyone. People should be free to have their different views and opinions of religion, be it that they religious or anti-religious. To warmness it all up I would love for everyone to feel that they are free.Referenceshttp//www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1961/1961_468http//www.aclu.org/relig ion-belief/program-freedom-religion-and-belief-government-funded-religionReligion in schools (teachers in Saskatchewan will no longer have the option of conducting prayer services in class). Humanist in Canada one hundred thirty (1999) 4, 39. General OneFile. Web. 25 June 2012.http//www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html

Research proposal Essay Example for Free

search marriage offer Essay sour grass Jardin Ranario, DPAenquiry AdviserOctober 2013ACKNOWLEDGMENTThinking that this was impossible to achieve made us realize that everything would be possible especially with enough service and support from peck around us. non only motivating us but also swear outed us to pursue our goal. They gave us the courage to do good and guided all throughout. It is our pleasure to thank those who made this possible.To our Heavenly Father, for His divine contributence and for bountiful us enough strength. To our families, for their moral and financial support especially during difficult times.To our very supportive adviser, Dr. Roselle Jardin-Ronario, DPA for giving us words of wisdom and guiding us all throughout. Thank you also for the diligence and encouragements.TABLE OF CONTENTSTitlePage NumberINTRODUCTIONRationale4 Theoretical Background7Statement of the Problem13Signifi bottom of the inningce of the Study14RELATED LITERATURE15RESEARCH MET HODOLOGY22Research DesignResearch EnvironmentResearch RespondentsResearch InstrumentSelected based on the performanceselective information Gathering Procedures23Treatment of DataDEFINITION OF TERMS24BIBLIOGRAPHY25APPENDICES28CURRICULUM VITAE29IntroductionRationaleThe love and eagerness to grapple is the beginning of a beautiful journey towards seeedness. The moment we want to whap about any fantasy, we run away to bring forth attachment towards it. By then, we would like to learn much about the concept and would do anything to know better.Statistically, mathematicss has been the academic subject that has presented the great challenge to many educatees. Many inquiryers suggest that difficulties in nurture maths begin as early as pre- cultivate. They argue that inadequate knowledge and in hard-hitting education by some teachers plant the seed for future complications in the mathematics classroom.In an research labor to send the challenge of poor academic performance in math, there is an abundant amount of literature and research on improvement in methods of math instruction. Since then, teachers be trying to utilize their creativity and initiative to nail more(prenominal) strategies on how to develop the numeral ability of learners effectively.The scholarly persons start to dislike math be make they do non actualise. It builds up each grade level to the point that they hate it because they have difficulty in larn. The learners were not equal to(p) to master the competency that they ingest to master each grade level. And because of this, learners develop attitude and anguish towards math. information processing system assisted instruction being utilize by many Asiatic countries in coach especially in teaching math subject is of great help for both teachers and students. This basis help learners understand well the concept of numbers, symbols, and objects through clear visual, accurate, and fast learning process and develop more of their mathematical ability. Through this, learners be now more confident to learn math and learning is more effective when teaching-learning method is incorporated with both verbal and visual entity with the use of computer assisted instruction.This connect draws an interest to the researchers to know the Asian peoples math attitudes and anxieties in computer assisted instructions. The researchers project to help the learners to appreciate math more and with it, they exit be sufficient to start learning math better. In the long run, the learners pull up stakes be able to develop their mathematical ability and be able to stigma use of it on their future chosen field. With the findings, theresearchers may also be able to extend to it to the math learners since the researchers themselves atomic number 18 also a math instructor in unmatchable of the schools in Asia. The researchers may come up with effective strategies in the teaching-learning environment with the learners to improve their math performance.Theoretical BackgroundThis depicted object is anchored by these two theories Banduras kind Cognitive Theory and Vygotskys Social Constructivist Theory. Banduras Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction and self-efficacy. These components are interrelated, each having an effect on pauperization and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010).Self-observationObserving oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to respect ones progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioural changes. There are two important factors with regards to self-observation regularity and proximity. Regularity means the behavior should be continually discover, whereas proximity means the behavior should be observed while it occurs, or shortly after. Alone, self-observation is insufficient because motivation depends on ones expectations of outcomes and efficacy (Zimmerman Schunk, 2001) .Self-evaluation Self-evaluation compares an individuals current performance with a desired performance or goal. It is affected by the standards set and the importance of the goals. Goals mustiness(prenominal) be specific and important therefore, goals much(prenominal) as, do your best are vague and testament not motivate. Schunk and Zimmerman (1994) state that specific goals specify the amount of effort required for success and boost self-efficacy because progress is easy to gauge. If one has weeny regard for his goal he impart not evaluate performance.There are two types of self-evaluation standards absolute and normative. For example, a grading outdo would be an example of a fixed or absolute standard. A amicable comparison such as evaluating ones behavior or performance against other individuals is an example of a normative standard(Zimmerman Schunk, 2001). People gain satisfaction when they achieve goals that they value. When individuals achieve these valued goals, the y are more possible to continue to exert a high level of effort, since sub-standard performance go forth no longer provide satisfaction (Bandura, 1989).Self-reaction Reactions to ones performance can be motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will have a feeling of self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the effect of their goal. A negative self-evaluation might also be motivating in that one may desire to range harder provided that they consider the goal to be valuable. Self-reaction also al humbles a somebody to re-evaluate their goals in conjunction with their attainments (Bandura, 1989). If a person has achieved a goal, they are belike to re-evaluate and raise the standard (goal) whereas, if a person has not achieved the goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and cut back the standard (goal) to an achievable goal.Self-efficacy Ones belief in the likelihood of goal intent can be motivating in itself (Van der BijlShortrid ge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy developments the effort and assiduity towards challenging tasks therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell Parker, 2003, p. 114).Vygotsky (as cited by Whitcomb, 2002) stresses that cognitive victimisation is a social activity. Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level first, among people (interpsychological) and then in spite of appearance the child (intrapsychological). Adolescents develop their own thoughts and attitudes through social interaction and communication with peers and other members of society. (Rogoff, et al, 2007). They can also learn by observing the activities and interactions of others in a social setting. Adolescent students must have entrance money to a more knowledgeab le person or persons with whom they can communicate and interact socially.Realizing this will help keep teachers aware of just how meaningful their interactions and attitudesare to a student, and how what they say and do can trance a student. Depending on the social context of the classroom, a student may benefit from being able to interact freely and socially with other students as they learn. The teacher may be socially slight approachable in the classroom context. A ten year athletic field at Harvard (Crouch, Mazur, 2001) showed that most students learn more from group learning activities than they do studying alone or listening to the teacher take information. When students are required to explain their ideas to their peers in a dialogue, rather than recite whatever correct business relationship the teacher has t one-time(a) them, they more fully engage their minds, using their own cultural tools and opening their own individualised beliefs to all the sametual modificati on.Vygotskys important notion state that students learn most effectively when they are given(p) tasks which are a curt too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone but can be mastered through social cooperation, is called teaching in the students Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). What he means is that if the lessons and tasks given to a student are not close enough proximal to what the student finds challenging, then the student will not develop. Trivial exercises result in mostly boredom and little to no cognitive development. On the other end of the spectrum, if a task is too difficult for students, even when they can work together, then they will simply fail at it and also achieve little development. So there is an optimal zone, or magic middle, where students are challenged, but can encourage socially to increase their mastery of the task. Such a task is said to be within the ZPD.The concept of a ZPD can also be applied to the way adolescents think and develop. Most adolescents want to develop into prominents and join adult society, perhaps to be free from their diminished status below the adults within society, particularly in our culture. If we consider that operating within the ZPD is the most efficient way to develop the cognitive and social functions of an adult, then it is only natural that adolescents tend to form groups of their peers and then attempt to understand and imitate adult social and cultural behaviors. The ZPD is very strongly evidenced by classroom studies. A study at the University of Illinois (Wenning, Wenning, 2006) on the implementation of new inquiry-based lab activities, which are more challenging and more work forboth students and instructors, found that these new and difficult activities must be introduced gradually.The research group achieved great success when they began the bunk with lab activities that were the easiest to understand within the pre-existing scaffolding (in this case, their educational backgrou nd) and within the students ZPD. As the course progressed, the lab activities became increasingly complex, but the students continued to succeed and increased their skills and understanding. By working within their ZPD, they were able to budge it ever higher and achieve mastery, just as Vygotsky would have predicted. When I become a physical science teacher, I know I will have to use this same approach First I will have to investigate and identify my students ZPD, as they did in the Illinois study.(Wenning, Wenning, 2006).Statement of the ProblemThis study aims to examine the relationship of mathematics attitude and fretting of students in computer assisted instruction crossways Asian countries. Specifically, this study aims to know the following1. What is the Math attitude of the learners across Asian countries? 2. What are the levels of Math misgiving of the learners across Asian countries? 3. What are the types of computer assisted instruction in Math across Asian countries ? 4. What are the cause of computer assisted instruction in Math attitude of the learners? 5. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction to the levels of Math apprehension of learners?Significance of the StudyThe results of this research study unconditionally benefited from many sectors of the educational institutions by providing information on the results of the performance in terms of students language achievement that will enable the teachers to know the students areas of difficulty and strength, thereby guiding them in re pissing their program of teaching to fit out their needs. Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the following To the principal concerned, the results of this researchstudy may give her insights which would encourage her to plan projects designed to improve the quality of language teaching in the public school like Minglanilla subject area cognizance High cultivate as the lead school of all public secondary schools in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Cebu Province. The district coordinator in face of the Municipality of Minglanilla as a researcher will benefit from the observational study for future references. He has been provided with the data and information necessary for his experimental analysis utilizing the macro-skills learning performance intended for High instill students, particularly in science classes.This will help the English teachers in Science High prepare realize in order for them to understand the new approaches in teaching and to be able to use the techniques and procedures effectively. Thus, it is necessary to bring their training up-to-date. They should as well encourage independent thinking and free communication of notions among the students concerned using the tools of expressions acquired in English class because this is the eventual aim of language teaching. To the first year teachers assigned to teach voyage classes as formative years in first year, it may ena ble them to realize that they should understand evaluation and procedures with idiom on experimental viewpoints and learning approaches not only them as teachers but also their students so they can integrate with their own teaching and testing. More significantly, they will realize that in fairness to their students, they should test what they genuinely teach.The secondary freshmen as student entrants of Minglanilla National Science High School will boost emend their savvy based on the structured lessons and differ mentally harmonize to the departmentalized lessons, advanced lessons presented, and general learning performance based also on their intellectual aspects of learning. It will enable the students in general to adhesive friction at the innovative teaching-learning approaches shared with them not only by the teachers but also by the freshmen pilot classes in terms of the four (4) areas of English language teaching, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing as seq uenced in the lessons. Finally, the learning institution should initiate and institute a re-training program for the students as the training ground for them to go for the beside higher level.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe learning of mathematics is affected by the confidence of learners in their mathematical abilitiesand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings they harbour towards mathematics (Coben, 2003 as cited by Kerlinger 2004). Their conceptions of the subject and their perceptions of themselves and of their relationship to mathematics lie at the heart of their mathematics learning behaviour (Philippou Christou, 1998). For fear of embarrassment, many adults go to great lengths to avoid admitting that they consider reading difficulties, yet it appears to be normal, even acceptable, in modern life to readily admit to a dislike and misunderstanding of mathematics. Sewell (1981) suggested that at least half the population, including many with high mathematical qualifications, ha d negative attitudes to mathematics, ranging from insufficiency of confidence to anxiety and even fear.According to Banduras sociocognitive theory, students motivation is a construct that is built out of individual learning activities and experiences, and it varies from one spot or context to another as cited by Pantzaira Philippou, 2007. Schereiber (2000) said that those who have positive attitudes towards maths have better performance in Mathematics.Latterell (2008) writes in her book about the Math Wars that Nipponese people believe in gambae. Gambae means that one is successful if one works hard enough to be successful. Ones attitude and behavior must match the belief that hard work leads to success (p. 126). Considering the results of the TIMSS, American students are no competition for Japanese students in mathematics. Japanese and other Asian students consistently outperform American students in mathematics (Latterell, 2008) and innumeracy. Those with low mathematical ab ilities are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the subject and less inclination to make the effort to improve their mathematical abilities (p. 212). Hammerman and Goldberg (2003) also state that to become successful in mathematics requires a positive attitude and belief in ones ability to succeed.The factors affecting mathematics anxiety were mathematics achievement,attitude toward mathematics, trait anxiety, and debilitating anxiety. Mathematics attitude, mathematics achievement, field indepedence, and the anxiety measures were found to be significant predictors of level of mathematics anxiety. Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety face real and long-wearing consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser master y of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math (p. 224).Extensive literature demonstrates that anxiety, stress, lack of confidence, and phobic reactions in the face of mathematical problems are exhibited in most modern cultures (Macrae, 2003), and math- anxiety is commonly characterized by feelings of accent, apprehension, or fear that impacts on mathematical performance (Ashcraft, 2002). It is associated with loss of self-esteem in confronting a mathematical situation (Acelajado, 2004), negative reactions to mathematical concepts and evaluation procedures, and with many constructs including working memory, age, gender, self-efficacy, and mathematics attitudes (Cates Rhymer, 2003).Students faced with the dual burdens of intractable theme and math-anxiety a posteriori tend to have weak or negative mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura (1986) defined self-efficacy beliefs as peoples judgements of their capabilities t o organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances as cited by Chiu 2009. Self-efficacy beliefs are a better predictor of success than an inventory of skills or prior achievements, and relationships have been found between self-efficacy for puzzle out mathematics problems and mathanxiety, mathematics attitudes, general mental ability, mathematics self-concept, and mathematics experience (Finney Schraw, 2003).Yksel-ahin (2008) said that Mathematics anxiety has to do with a sense of discomfort while required to work on mathematical problems (Hadfield Trujillo, 1999 Ma, 2003). Low grades or failure in mathematics could also lead to mathematics anxiety or exasperate students existing levels of anxiety for mathematics (Ma Xu, 2004 Norwood, 1994 Reynolds, 2001 Satake Amato, 1995 Townsend, Moore, Tuck, Wilton, 1998). Failure in mathematics, fear and anxiety about it could cause extreme feelings of dislike about mathematics. Indeed, Hopko et.al . (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in relations with mathematics problems.Poor performance in mathematics has been linked to an increase in mathematics anxiety (Furner Duffy, 2002 Hopko et.al., 2003). Megan R. Smith (2004) said that Math anxiety is a real problem facing students and teachers today. The mathematics teacher especially needs to understand the causes and effects of math anxiety as well as ship canal to help students overcome it. There are many symptoms of math anxiety including an unwillingness to attempt mathematics problems, a fear of taking advanced mathematics classes, and being unusually nervous when in mathematics class. Math anxiety hinders students working memory (Perina, 2002). It occurs at unlike ages in different people for different reasons. The main cause of math anxiety is the teacher himself It has been shown that students tend to internalize their instructors interest in and ebullience for teaching math (Jackson and Leffingwell, 1999).It is imperative when teaching mathematics that the teacher progresses from simple problems to complex ones (Schwartz, 2000). The students also need to have support systems in mathematics, whether this comes from their parents at home or with other students at school (Schwartz, 2000). The greatest prevention of math anxiety is the teacher himself. As stated before, the teacher needs to have a positive attitude when in class and needs to be willing to help students. The teacher must believe in the students even when they do not believe in themselves.Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxietyface real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math (p. 224).Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Such mistakes lead to lower grades in mathematics which in turn increases anxiety about math. calculating machine-assisted instruction (CAI) electronic computer back up steering (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. ready reckoner based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.Computer based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer according to the American Institute of Research, 2004. Johnson (2000) said that the computer opens a wide range of resources. When correctly used, they give learners a different level of experience and bring new style and height of analysis in the classroom. In the Philippines, the Department of rearing is in the final stage of completing the five year Information and conference Technology for discipline Strategies Plan as Lapus (2008) puts it. Computer based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer, the American Institute of Research (2004) reiterated.CAI is also known as Computer Assisted Instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between learners and teachers. CAI can dramatically increase a learnersaccess to information. The prog ram can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. Many students benefit from the agile reactivity of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students motivate them to learn and increase independence and personal responsibility for education (Microsoft Encarta, 2008 as cited by Vibar et. Al, 2010).As mentioned by Hergenhahn and Olson (1997) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) motivates students to learn in ways that traditional instruction may not by providing immediate feedback, personal attention, exciting visual displays, and a game-like atmosphere. In fact, students are often so motivated by CAI that depriving them of their turn with the computer acts as punishment, and giving them additional time with the computer that acts as re-enforcement.Research methodological analysis Research DesignThis study will employ quantitative approach of data analysis and presentation. It utilizes descriptive correlation method of deriving data from 4 different Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines.Research RespondentsThe respondents of the study will be selected using data mining technique. The 4 Southeast Asian countries including Philippines are among the many that joined the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey and based on the records, among the Southeast Asian countries, only four joined namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines based on the 2003 TIMSS records.Research EnvironmentThe research will be conducted within the Four Southeast Asian Countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines.Research InstrumentFor the semiempirical phase of the study, the researchers will make use of the record sheet based from the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003).Research ProceduresGathering of Dat aAcademic performance will be downloaded from Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Through data mining technique, fou different South East Asian countries will be selected based on their performance in Math.Treatment of DataThe cluster sampling will be utilized to identify the four South East Asian Countries and Pearson r correlation coefficient will help determine the relationship between Math anxiety and Math Attitude.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor a better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined in the context of this investigation.Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) refers to the method of teaching that uses computers to interact with students in the teaching-learning process.Math Anxiety refers to the feeling of tension or fear in Math.Math Attitude refers to the behavior towards MathTRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL math AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of students from d ifferent grade levels across countries.DATA MINING TECHNIQUE getting information from a data set and makes itunderstandable for further use.BIBLIOGRAPHYCrouch, C. H., Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction Ten years of experience and results. American ledger of Physics, 69(9), 970-977. (Peer Instruction and Inquiry)doi10.1119/1.1374249Daniels, H. (2007). Pedagogy. In H. Daniels, J. Wertsch, M. lucre (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky. New York Cambridge University Press.Dilber, R., Karaman, I., Duzgun, B. (2009). High school students understanding of projectile motion concepts. nurtureal Research and Evaluation, 15(3), 203-222.Ibrahim, B., Buffler, A., Lubben, F. (2009). Profiles of newbie Physics Students Views on the Nature of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(3), 248264. Mason, A., Singh, C. (2010). Helping students learn effective problem solving strategies by reflecting with peers. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 748-754.Rogoff, B., Moore, L ., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chavez, M., Solis J. (2007). Childrens development of culture repertoires through corporation in everyday routines and practices. In J. E. Grusec P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. New York Guilford.Pachler, Norbert, Center of Excellence for Work-based Learning for grooming Professionals, Dept. of learning, Curriculum Communication, Institute of training, University of London. 2004.Using fuzzy statistics to determine Mathematics Attitude and Anxiety, Necla Turanli (2013), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (4) 568-572, IDOSCI Publications.Megan R. Smith. (2004). Math Anxiety Causes, Effects, and PreventativeMeasures.Internet Sourcesglwhitcomb.iweb.bsu.eduTago et al, Mobile Learning, Challenges and Potentials. www.inderscience.comfilter.phphttp//www.edpubs.org. PatrickGonzales (2004). Highlights from the Trends in global Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) 2003.emailprotectedhttp//www.icmeorganizers.dk/tsg15/APPENDI X EBUDGET SUMMARY1. SuppliesDrawing book P 46.00 Clear FolderP 16.00Cost of Servicesa. Print out P 30.00Total P 76.00Prepared byARMESTIDES M. BARGAYO VIRESEARCH TEAM TREASURERCurriculum VitaePERSONAL DATANameOdessa M. Bonjoc AvenidoAddressLuyang, Carmen, Cebunatal dayNovember 15, 1983Civil StatusMarried call downFemaleAge29SpouseAriel B. Avenidoeducational minimizeElementary Luyang Elementary School yr Graduated 1996 utility(prenominal) Cebu AcademyYear Graduated 2000 3rd University of the Visayas Main CampusYear Graduated 2004 traverse Bachelor in Elementary Education Area in Mathematics Graduate Studies Cebu form UniversityGraduated PresentCourse Master of Arts in Education Major in ELTEmployment Record property Teacher 2DesignationICT TeacherSchool Luyang Elementary School DepEd ProvincePERSONAL DATAName Armestides M. Bargayo VIAddress Lower Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu birthday October 22, 1981Civil Status SingleSex MaleAge 31 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Mingla nilla Central SchoolYear Graduated 1994High School Immaculate rawness of Mary AcademyYear Graduated 1998College University of San CarlosYear Graduated 2002Course Bachelor in Secondary Education major in MathGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse Master of Arts in Education major in MathEmployment RecordPosition Math TeacherSchool University of Cebu Main CampusPERSONAL DATAName Jun Antoinette Z. NavajaAddress 4- E Gorordo Avenue, Kamputhaw,Cebu metropolisBirthday January 27, 1988Civil Status SingleSex FemaleAge 25 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Colegio de la Inmaculada ConcepcionYear Graduated 2001High School Colegio de la Inmaculada ConcepcionYear Graduated 2005College University of San CarlosYear Graduated 2009Course Bachelor of Education major in Special EducationGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse Master of Arts in Education major Special Education- MentalRetardationEmployment RecordPosition Substitute Teac herSchool Barrio Luz Elementary School, DepEd CebuPERSONAL DATAName Angelie Lopez SenarosaAddress Catmaran, Basak, Compostela, CebuBirthday April 25, 1982Civil StatusSingleSex FemaleAge 31 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Panangban Elementary SchoolYear Graduated 2000High School Compostela National High SchoolYear Graduated 2003College Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated 2007Course Bachelor in Secondary Education major in MathGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse Master of Arts in Education major in MathEmployment RecordPosition Math TeacherSchool Mulao National High School, DepEd Cebu

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free

Analyse the free reintic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 EssayLooking closely at the characters and spoken communication in Romeo and Juliet, analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1954, although the basic plot can be traced back as early as the third century. In the reckon, Shakespeare relies heavily on the poem The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke. virtually of the people in the Elizabethan era were perceptive full to concentrate on how the play was being performed and engaged themselves in the language the characters were using. Shakespeares audiences had different dwellations towards his play, as many of them recognised the story already, they were settled enough to watch it providing the dramatists interpretation proved to be unique and original. I have been looking closely at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have just been secretly married. The scene opens with the two lovers havi ng to part right a way after the Nurse informs Juliet her mother is swiftly approaching. Already a dramatic atmosphere is created, the audience is nearly waiting for Romeo and Juliet to be caught out, this they know can simply not happen.Juliet is understandably tearful Romeo is sympathetic towards her, display he really cares for her I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee either this is in comparison to later scenes in the play showing Juliet solitary and unsupported. Between the two lovers, there is a great difference, Romeo appears more optimistic than Juliet who is full of fear, sensing premonitions of her next seeing Romeo dead in a tomb. Her premonitions affect the audience, making them apprehensive and tense O God, I have an ill- divining soul Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. The audience hears these harsh, severe words and are reminded of Romeos in the first place startling premonition that h e would die young . My mind misgives Some consequence not yet hanging in the stars.. By come vile forfeit of un beatly death. A chilling effect is created on those viewing the play as they start to realise and understand the significance of the two premonitions. By looking back into earlier scenes, dramatic effectiveness is created. Juliet hires language that shows how she is fearful of how her life with Romeo could easily be destroyed. She speaks to him conceptively, showing a strong contrast to her soft words used previously.The strong bond that has been created between the two lovers before the audiences look is momentarily going to be destroyed tension is created as an aftermath of this feeling. This tension carries on and becomes tremendously greater as the news of County Paris proposal is first heard of. The audience watch, already witting of the proposal, as the news is given to an extremely shocked Juliet. They wait anxiously for Juliets sake as she learns of it, and s o a dramatic effectiveness is cast over them. The scene is made effective by the use of irony from Lady Capulet.As Lady Capulet refers to her joyful tidings and Juliets response is ironically a proud of(p) one And joy comes well in such a needy time But wherefore the audience sees the real reason of Lady Capulets announcement and the hesitation of the crucial words proves to be highly dramatic, Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride Juliets intense anger would make great drama on stage, she shows her raging reaction well Now by Saint Peters church and Peter as well as He shall not make me there a joyful bride Juliets response shows exactly how she is feeling about the matter she does not hold back at all.The audience knows the dilemma she is facing, one of bigamy, they are late involved and show much needed sympathy to Juliet. In the conversation that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mother used are very(prenominal) effective. Both sides address ea ch other very formally, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, My Lady, Mother where Lady Capulet calls Juliet girl and child. This doesnt seem to be the language one would prognosticate from a close knit and loving family. This could lead to the conclusion that Juliets relationship is far from the relationship she has with Romeo a loving and stable one.When Lord Capulet enters Juliets room, it proves to be a significantly dramatic scene because of the violence and fad portrayed by Lord Capulet. He arrives in her room in a threatening mien his wife shows fear warning us to expect the worst, Here comes your father. Tell him so yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. Lord Capulet does not expect Juliet to disobey him, he would simply expect grateful thanks and obedience from his daughter. He portrays himself as someone who is used to getting his own way and the way that he regards himself as royalty emphasises to his huge ego and elevated formal language,Have you delivered to our decree? He shows great enthusiasm as he enters Juliets room, he seems delighted with his plan and congratulates himself on stage. Being the scarce man on stage, he is showing domination and the audience can see that he likes to be in control. He makes the women afraid his centre role on stage shows this. The language that he uses is hence very dramatic and effective.He poses questions to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so showing how preoccupied he is, and he vociferously attacks his daughter overwhelming her with numerous with numerous questions which she does not have time to answer, How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Capulets sentence construction is cleverly unconnected emphasising greatly on his anger that is building up rapidly. He shows more of an interest in conclusion a way to answer Juliets questions and his concern is more about his cleverness than the distress of his only daughter. He uses aggressive terms to Juliet, you greensickness car rion, young baggage, both examples are very aggressive and devegiating.

Halesowen College Essay Example for Free

Halesowen College EssayThis report is world written to the Human Resources Manager to support my application for the above stated job. Procedure This report was compiled by analysing the job description for the above post. I shoot also analysed the skills which I boast acquired in my current temporary post as well as from past jobs and college. Findings These are the skills that are stated that I feel should be filled and how I am a suitable candidate for the job. I have itemised them under headings shown. Employability Skills Inputting data onto the computer outlines I have make this in my job in an opticians I entered the daily and weekly figures for the sales of glasses and come to lenses. Have good time management skills This was proven when I had to use my time to liaise with customers and also when I had to do a required chore by a set date, I also arrived to persist on time and met any targets that were set. Qualifications I have an English GCSE at a grade D an d a Maths GCSE at a grade B.Be discreet and respect confidentiality of instruction This was a must have skill as I was handling patients personal data on a daily bases at the opticians. Retrieval of deposeation from computerised system I had to retrieve information about the goods that were selling and that were not, I also had to get periodical profit sheets this was done on weekly and monthly basis, I have also retrieved work from my college work and copied it onto my memory stick.General administrative duties I had done this on a weekly basis for manakin when I was posting appointment reminder letters which were to advise patients to book an appointment because they were now due, I also did the filing on a weekly basis and sent out any faxes to NHS trusts as required, I also did this when works in HR when I had to trip out letters to students regarding exams or any separate information. Setting up exam data on a computer system I had done this while working in HR when I had to key in the dates and clock that students had exams.Having fast and accurate keyboard skills I have done this when working in HR when I had to send out emergency letters to the parents of students regarding the behaviour of students, I also did this when working in the opticians when I had to inform patients that their contacts lenses or glasses had arrived. Be able to show a good standard of literacy and numeracy I have achieved this when I was in college as I have received G.C.S.Es in Maths and English.Processing enrolment fees, including cash handling and using an electronic cash register I had done this on a regular basis when working in the opticians as I was making sales on contact lenses and spectacles on a regular basis. I also did this while working in HR when I had to handle money for coach passes for students. Communication Skills Typing letters and memos I had done this when working in the opticians when communicating with suppliers and staff regarding order s and they day to day running process I had also done this while working in HR when I had to write to students regarding exam times and any other concerns for the attention of their parents.Answering and making telephone calls I had also done this frequently on a daily basis when reminding patients about their appointments and also regarding the completion of the spectacles, I also answered phones will working in Human Resources regarding people asking for application forms and prospectuses.

The expert system

The unspoilt musical arrangementAbstractThe entitle for this report is upright System. Statistically, the percentage of current organizations implementing intelligent arrangements for their usage is very minimal. This is due to the restraining forces of implementing skilful constitution outweigh its driving force. Yet, as the technologies are oft being bell increased, the constraints of implementing quick outlines are getting easier to pommel. Hence, the moderateness I chose this title for my report is due to my strong interest in the future of upright strategy where it may potentially be drill domestically for providing the best solutions for mixed problems. Also, the knowledge gained from this research de crock up contribute a lot for my final year project which give include in a simple expert carcass. This report volition be explaining what an expert transcription is, the components of expert governing body, what a knowledge- floord expert scheme is, the features of expert outline, the advantages of using expert musical arrangement, the invitebacks of using expert administration and finally suggestions of implementing expert establishment into e-commerce organizations.In the appendix part, the pictures which I piddle found from the Internet will be included in for providing rectify understanding regarding the details of expert system.What is Expert System?According to Wikipedia, an expert system is an advancing- looking at computer application that is implemented for the utilization of providing solutions to complex problems, or to clarify un plasteredties through the use of non-algorithmic programs where normally charitable expertise will be needed. Expert systems are most crude in complex problem domain and are considered as widely utilize alternatives in searching for solutions that take ins the existence of particularized gentleman expertise. The expert system is too able to cut its provided solutions based o n the knowledge and in recoilation from past users. Normally expert systems are apply in qualification business marketing strategical finiss, analyzing the performance of real clip systems, configuring computers and perform many other functions which normally would choose the existence of human expertise.The discrimination between an expert system with a normal problem- solve system is that the latter is a system where both programs and entropy structures are en legislationd, while for expert system only the data structures are hard- regulationd and no problem-specific randomness is encoded in the program structure. Instead, the knowledge of a human expertise is enchantd and codified in a process known as knowledge design. Hence, whenever a particular problem requires the assistance of a certain human expertise to provide a solution, the human expertise which has been codified will be utilise and processed in battle array to provide a rational and tenacious solution. This knowledge-based expert system enables the system to be frequently added with impertinently knowledge and adapt accordingly to meet innovative requirements from the ever-changing and unpredictable environment.Components of Expert SystemAn expert system has many core system components to function and embrasures with individuals of various roles. In the appendix area, there will be a diagram (Figure 1.1) displaying expert system components and human interfaces. The major(ip) components areKnowledge base a set of overtops as deputation of the expertise, mostly in IF and so statements.Working repositing the data which is specific to a problem being solved. consequence railway locomotive the code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working reposition.User interface the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system.There are certain major roles of individuals who interact with the exp ert system to fully exploit its functionality and cap baron. They are theDomain expert the individual or individuals whose expertises are solving the problems the system is intended to solveKnowledge engineer the individual who encodes the experts knowledge in a form that bathroom be use by the expert systemUser the individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would gravel been provided by the expert.Majority of the expert systems are built with expert system shells which contains an deduction engine and user interface. The shell will be used by a knowledge engineer to build a system catered for specific problem domain. Somemultiplication expert systems are to a fault built with habitude developed shells for certain applications. In this scenario, there will be a nonher entreeal individualSystem engineer the individual who builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the knowledge base, and implements the inference engine.Depending on the size of the project, the knowledge engineer and the system engineer baron be the same person. For a custom built system, the design of the format of the knowledge base and the coding of the domain knowledge are conclude colligate. The format has a significant effect on the coding of the knowledge. hotshot of the major hurdles to overcome in building expert systems is the knowledge engineer process. The process of the codifying the expertise into a required rule format can be a challenging and tedious proletariat. One major advantage of a customized shell is that the format of the knowledge base can be designed to facilitate the knowledge engineering process.Since the major challenge in expert system development is the building of the knowledge base, it is encouraged that fracture and difference between the experts representation of the knowledge and the representation in the knowledge base should be minimized. With a customized system, the system engineer can implement a knowledge base whose structures are as close as possible to those used by the domain expert.Knowledge-based Expert SystemsNot all expert systems start out learning components to adapt in new environments or to meet new requirements. But a common element severally expert system possesses is that once the system is fully developed it will be tested and be proven by being placed in the same real valet de chambre problem solving situation, typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to approximately study system.Although reference books are able to provide a tremendous amount of knowledge, users have to read, arrest and interpret the knowledge for it to be used. Conventional computer programs are built to perform functions using schematic end-making logic having only little knowledge along with the basic algorithm for performing the specific functions and touch the necessary boundary conditions.The so-called knowledgebase was created in purpose of utilizing some kno wledge representation formalism to capture and store the Subject Matter Experts (SME) knowledge. The process includes gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it according to a standardized format. Knowledge-based expert systems collect the small segments of human knowledge and combined into a set of knowledge-base which is used to aid in solving a complex problem. Any other problem that is at bottom the range and domain of the knowledge-base can similarly be solved using the same program without reprogramming.Knowledge-based expert systems solve problems which normally require human erudition. These said expert systems represent the expertise knowledge as data or rules within a system. These rules and data can be used and called upon for reference when needed to solve complex problems.When compared to customary programming, the system has the ability to reason the process with explanations by back-traces and calculate the levels of confidence and deal with uncertaint y. The knowledge has to be codified into programming code, hence as the knowledge changes, the program has to be changed accordingly as hygienic and then(prenominal) rebuilt.Expert System FeaturesThere are a number of features which are commonly used in expert systems. These features allows the users to fully utilize the expert systems capability conveniently in providing the most limpid and fair decision in a problematic situation.Backward chaining an inference technique which continuously formulate a goal into little sub-goals which are easier to prove via IF THEN rulesDealing with uncertainties the system has the capability to hatch and reason with conditions that are uncertain and data which are non precisely knownForward chaining an inference technique which deduce a problem solution from initial data via IF THEN rulesData representation the method where the specific problem data is stored and accessed in the systemUser interface that portion of the code which creat es an easy to use systemExplanations the ability of the system to explain the reasoning process that it used to mountain range a recommendation.Inference ruleAn inference rule is a statement that has two parts, antecedent which is an if clause and incident which is a then clause. This rule is what the expert systems rely on and provides the capability to find solutions to name and prescribe problems. An example of an inference rule isIf the song choice is in Latin, and the singers are in a group, then(prenominal) the song choice is definitely from Il Divo.An expert systems rule base stores many inference rules such as this. They are stored in as separate rules and the inference engine will draw conclusions by going through all of them. Rules can be removed and added without affecting others since they are non-connected, un slight it will subsequently affect which conclusions are to be reached. Inference rules has the give upper hand compared with tralatitious programming du e to the fact that inference rules are able to imitate human reasoning and justify the solutions stipulation.Thus, when a conclusion is drawn, the system is able to justify its course of solution and convince the user. Furthermore, since the expert system uses knowledge in a form identical to a certain expert, the solution provided will be not so different from an actual experts advice.ChainingWhen using inference rules, two main methods of reasoning used are backward chaining and forward chaining.Forward ChainingForward chaining begins under the condition that the data is open and inference rules are used to conclude more data until a desired goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one in which the if clause is known to be true. It then concludes the then clause and adds this information to its data. It would continue to do this until a goal is reached. ascribable to the reason that the data purchasable determines which inference rules are used, this method is too called data driven. A large number of expert systems require the use of forward chaining.The data driven approach is practical when combinatorial explosion creates a plain infinite number of possible right answers where no definite answer is specified.Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses inference rules to extract more data until a goal is reached. An inference engine using forward chaining searches the inference rules until it finds one where the antecedent (If clause) is known to be true. When found it can conclude, the sequel (Then clause), resulting in the addition of new information to its data.Inference engines will iterate through this process until a goal is reached. For example, think over that the goal is to conclude the color of a pet named Fritz, given that he croaks and eats flies, and that the rule base contains the following four rules If X croaks and eats flies Then X is a frog If X chirps and sings Then X is a canary If X is a frog Then X is fleeceable If X is a canary Then X is yellowThis rule base would be searched and the starting line rule would be selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz croaks and eats flies) matches our data. Now the consequents (Then X is a frog) is added to the data. The rule base is once more searched and this time the third rule is selected, because its antecedent (If Fritz is a frog) matches our data that was just confirmed. Now the new consequent (Then Fritz is green) is added to our data. Nothing more can be inferred from this information, but we have now accomplished our goal of determine the color of Fritz.Due to the fact that the data determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called data-driven, in contrast to goal-driven backward chaining inference.One of the advantages of forward-chaining over backward-chaining is that the reception of new data can foundation new inferences, which admits the engine better suit to dynamic situations in which conditions are likely to change.Backward ChainingBackward chaining starts with a list of goals or guess and works backwards from the consequent (Then clause) to the antecedent (If clause) to see if there is data available that will throw any of these consequents. An inference engine using backward chaining would search the inference rules until it finds one which has a consequent that matches a desired goal. If the antecedent of that rule is not known to be true, then it is added to the list of goals. In order for ones goal to be confirmed one essential also provide data that confirms this new rule. An example of a system that uses backward chaining will be Google search engine.The aim of the system is to strip the best choice from many enumerated possibilities. For example, an identification problem falls in this category. Diagnostic systems also watch this model, since the aim of the system is to pick the correct diagnosis.The knowledge is structured in rules which describe how each of the possibilities might be selected. The rule breaks the problem into sub-problems. For example, the following top level rules are in a system which identifies red cents.IFfamily is albatross andcolor is whiteTHENbird is laysan albatross.IFfamily is albatross andcolor is bluishTHENbird is black footed albatross.The system would try all of the rules which gave information satisfying the goal of identifying the bird. Each would trigger sub-goals. In the case of these two rules, the sub-goals of determining the family and the color would be pursued. The following rule is one that satisfies the family sub-goalIForder is tubenose andsize large andwings long narrowTHENfamily is albatross.The sub-goals of determining color, size, and wings would be convenient by asking the user. By having the lowest level sub-goal satisfied or denied by the user, the system effectively carries on a dialog with the user. The user sees the system asking ques tions and responding to answers as it attempts to find the rule which properly identifies the bird.Note that the goals always match the affirmed versions of the consequents of implications and even then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals which ultimately must match known facts which are usually defined as consequents whose antecedents are always true.Due to the reason that the list of goals determines which rules are selected and used, this method is called goal-driven, in contrast to data-driven forward-chaining inference. The backward chaining approach is often active by expert systems.For a data driven system, the system must be initially live with data, in contrast to the goal driven system which gathers data as it needs it. Figure 1.2 illustrates the difference between forward and backward chaining systems for two simplified rules. The forward chaining system starts with the data of a=1 and b=2 and uses the rules to derive d=4. The backward chaining sy stem starts with the goal of finding a determine for d and uses the two rules to reduce that to the problem of finding values for a and b.Uncertainty often times in structured selection problems the final answer is not known with complete certainty. The experts rules might be vague, and the user might be unsure of answers to questions. This can be easily seen in medical symptomatic systems where the expert is not able to be definite about the relationship between symptoms and diseases. In fact, the sterilise might offer manifold possible diagnoses.For expert systems to work in the real manhood they must also be able to deal with uncertainty. One of the simplest schemes is to associate a numeric value with each piece of information in the system. The numeric value represents the certainty with which the information is known. There are numerous ways in which these numbers can be defined, and how they are combined during the inference process.Data wayFor all rule based systems, th e rules refer to data. The data representation can be simple or complex, depending on the problem. The most fundamental scheme uses attribute-value pairs. Examples are color-white, and size-large.When a system is reasoning about multiple objects, it is necessary to include the object as well as the attribute-value. For example the furniture placement system might be dealing with multiple chairs with different attributes, such as size. The data representation in this case must include the object.Once there are objects in the system, they each might have multiple attributes. This leads to a record-based structure where a single data item in working storage contains an object name and all of its associated attribute-value pairs.Frames are a more complex way of storing objects and their attribute-values. Frames add intelligence to the data representation, and allow objects to inherit values from other objects. Furthermore, each of the attributes can have associated with it procedures ( called demons) which are put to death when the attribute is asked for, or updated.In a furniture placement system each piece of furniture can inherit default values for length. When the piece is placed, demons are activated which automatically adjust the available space where the item was placed.User InterfaceThe acceptability of an expert system depends to a great issue on the quality of the user interface. The easiest to implement interfaces communicate with the user through a scrolling dialog as illustrated in figure 1.4. The user can enter commands, and respond to questions. The system responds to commands, and asks questions during the inferencing process.More advanced interfaces make heavy use of pop-up menus, windows, mice, and similar techniques as shown in figure 1.5. If the machine supports it, writtens can also be a powerful tool for communicating with the user. This is especially true for the development interface which is used by the knowledge engineer in building th e system.Providing ExplanationsOne of the more interesting features of expert systems is their ability to explain themselves. Given that the system knows which rules were used during the inference process, it is possible for the system to provide those rules to the user as a means for explaining the results.This type of explanation can be very dramatic for some systems such as the bird identification system. It could report that it knew the bird was a black footed albatross because it knew it was dark colored and an albatross. It could similarly justify how it knew it was an albatross.At other times, however, the explanations are relatively useless to the user. This is because the rules of an expert system typically represent empirical knowledge, and not a deep understanding of the problem domain. For example a car diagnostic system has rules which relate symptoms to problems, but no rules which describe why those symptoms are related to those problems.Explanations are always of ex treme value to the knowledge engineer. They are the program traces for knowledge bases. By looking at explanations the knowledge engineer can see how the system is behaving, and how the rules and data are interacting. This is an invaluable diagnostic tool during development.Why Use Expert System?In this section, the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the expert systems are provided. Then, the pros and cons will be reviewed according to my viewpoint and I will conclude as to why expert system SHOULD be implemented as a wiser alternative in obtaining the best solutions in overcoming complex problems.The Advantages of Using Expert SystemExpert system has been reliably used in the business world to gain tactical advantages and forecast the markets condition. In this globalization era where every decision do in the business world is precise for success, the assistance provided from an expert system is undoubtedly essential and highly reliable for an organization to succeed. E xamples given below will be the advantages for the death penalty of an expert systemProviding self-consistent solutions It can provide consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks. As long as the rule base in the system remains the same, regardless of how many times similar problems are being tested, the final conclusions drawn will remain the same. Provides reasonable explanations It has the ability to clarify the reasons why the conclusion was drawn and be why it is considered as the most logical choice among other alternatives. If there are any doubts in concluding a certain problem, it will prompt some questions for users to answer in order to process the logical conclusion.Overcome human limitations It does not have human limitations and can work around the clock continuously. Users will be able to frequently use it in seeking solutions. The knowledge of experts is an invaluable asset for the company. It can store the knowledge and use it as long as th e organization needs.Easy to adapt to new conditions Unlike humans who often have vexs in adapting in new environments, an expert system has high adaptability and can meet new requirements in a short period of time. It also can capture new knowledge from an expert and use it as inference rules to solve new problems.The Disadvantages of Using Expert SystemAlthough the expert system does provide many significant advantages, it does have its drawbacks as well. Examples given below will be the disadvantages for the performance of an expert systemLacks common sense It lacks common sense needed in some decision making since all the decisions made are based on the inference rules set in the system. It also cannot make creative and innovative responses as human experts would in unusual circumstances.High implementation and victuals cost The implementation of an expert system will be a financial burden for smaller organizations since it has high development cost as well as the subseque nt recurring costs to upgrade the system to adapt in new environment.Difficulty in creating inference rules Domain experts will not be able to always explain their logic and reasoning needed for the knowledge engineering process. Hence, the task of codifying out the knowledge is highly complex and may require highMay provide vituperate solutions It is not error-free. There may be errors occurred in the processing due to some logic mistakes made in the knowledge base, which it will then provide the wrong solutions.SummaryIt is entirely subjective as to whether the advantages of expert system overweigh the disadvantages of implementing it. It depends on the organizations viewpoint as to which objectives have the higher priority, whether in cutting cost or in producing a higher quality decision-making. However, in my opinion, the implementation of expert system is vital in providing the better service towards customers as well as possessing the competitive advantages over strong co mpetitors. peeled Cost VS Better Quality of ServicesIf an organization is financially stable, the expert system is worth pass money and resources on, based on its fame and history of delivering many positive results. Though some organizations may have the cost-cutting objective as the top priority, if a wrong decision is made, it could lead to heavier financial loss. Adding insult to injury, the organizations repute will be tarnished and customers may lose confidence towards the services of the organization.Expert System VS Human Expertsanother(prenominal) main constraint of implementing the expert system would be the process of capturing the knowledge and codifying it into the system. However, an expert will not be available to provide his expertise around the clock. Hence, the importance of having the knowledge available all the time for critical decision-making far overweighs the difficulty that the organization will face in capturing the said knowledge.Humans also have limitati ons as to how much knowledge a human is able to digest and comprehend. As for expert system, it is able to store as much knowledge as possible base on its storage space. Hence, in footing of performance, expert system is capable to perform as good if not better then human.Implementing Expert System into e-Commerce SystemIt has yet to be common for e-commerce systems to be implementing expert system to enhance its capability and experience for web users. There are still not many web developers willing to embed an expert system into their e-commerce system, mainly due to its difficulty in the knowledge engineering process to codify the human expertise. Yet, it is plausible to have a less complex expert system embedded in an e-commerce system to aid customers make decisions. The appropriate inference technique to be used in an e-commerce system will be forward chaining method, since customers will be providing part by part of data which will then be compared with the rule base to fin ally draw a conclusion.Providing questionnaires through forward chaining method, the properly organized questionnaires will be able to obtain parts of small information from customers who couldnt make their decision upon which item to be bought. Every single question will have its purpose in determining the condition of the customers thoughts and liking, and then the answer provided will be compared with the rule base in the expert system to draw a final conclusion. This data-driven method is simple and productive since the process of codifying the human expertise of recommending an item that suits the customers liking isnt that complex.Example of QuestionnaireThe questionnaire below is used for the purpose of attaining small parts of information from the customer and the answers provided will be compared to the rule base in order to generate a decision for himQuestion 1What is your budget range? (Determining the range of performance from the desktop)A. RM 2000 B. lt RM 3000C. RM cholecalciferol0Inference RulesIf X budget is less than RM2000 Then X needs no NVIDIA pictural cardIf X budget is less than RM3000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s)If X budget is more than RM5000 Then X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessoriesNote If user chose RM 2000 Question 2 will be skipped.Question 2What are the games you mostly play? (Determining the graphic card requirements)A. Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG)B. First-Person-Shooting (FPS)C. AllInference RulesIf X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays MMORPG Then X needs NVIDIA GTX 260 and High Resolution MonitorIf X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600If X needs NVIDIA graphic card(s) with better computer accessories AND X plays FPS Then X needs NVIDIA GT 9600 and Gaming Laser MouseQuestion 3How frequent do you download files such as songs and movies from the internet? (Determining the needed storage space)A. SeldomB. OftenInference RulesIf X rarely download files Then X needs 320GB storage spaceIf X often download files Then X needs 500GB storage spaceProviding ExplanationsBased on the questionnaire above, if a customer selects C, B, and B, the explanation will be givenThe user selects NVIDIA GT 9600, Gaming Laser Mouse and 500 GB storage space.User plays First-Person-Shooting games which require middle-performance of graphic card and a gaming laser walk to increase precision of mouse-controlling. User often downloads files and requires large storage space.If a customer selects C, A, and A, the explanation will be givenThe user selects NVIDIA GTX 260, High Resolution Monitor and 320GB storage space.User plays MMORPG which require superior of graphic card and a high resolution monitor to enhance the gaming experience. User seldom downloads files and requires moderate storage space.ConclusionTo conclude this report, expert system is undeniably reliable in terms of providing reasonable and highly valuable decisions. Knowledge and experiences from a human expert can lead to the critical decision-making in achieving success. Yet, as humans have limitations in terms of how much of knowledge is comprehendible by a person and the possible fatigue of dealing with too much work, the expert system doesnt have any.As knowledge is a valuable asset to an organization, retaining the experts knowledge is critical for the future of the organization. The expert system can play a vital role in storing and retaining the knowledge from a human expert. This saves the trouble of having the need to hire experts within the same domain for years.The rapid change and improvement of technologies will stepwise decrease the cost for implementing an expert system. This will significantly reduce the financial burden for small companies in deciding the implementation of expert system. In the business world, organizations often faced trouble in making tough decisions and overcome complex problems. Customers often require computerized systems to support their decision-making. All these criteria can be met with the implementation of the expert system.