Orca Whales- Greek God of the Underworld Essay Example for Free

Orca Whales- Greek God of the Underworld Essay There are three different types of Orcas species documented to date; resident, transient and offshore pods. The resident pods are separated geographically speaking and have been documented living spring, summer, and fall near the Washington coastline and have been spotted as far south as the Central California coastline. They have been spotted in the Puget Sound, Vancouver Island, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Southern Georgia Strait. While little is known about their movements; genetic data does suggest that these whales do not usually mingle with those from the other species. The Southern Resident Pod is currently on the endangered species list and is protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and a distinct species under the Endangered Species Act. There are 88 whales currently listed on the list for the resident whales that researchers have documented using the whales saddle patch’s as a signature to name and number each whale. All whales have a distinct marking behind their upper dorsal fin that in reference to humans would be like their own finger print; no two are alike. The resident pod is usually led by an older and wiser female whale and they usually stay together in large pods. They swim and hunt together. The male whales on average can grow up to 24 feet in length and weigh between 7 to 10 tons. They typically live up to 30 years but can live up to 50 to 60 years. The females on average grow up to 21 feet in length and weigh between 4 to 6 tons. They typically live up to 50 years but can live up to 80 to 90 years. These averages usually vary if they are in the wild or captivity. The pods grow to large numbers as the young never leave their mother’s side; so there will be times when multiple generations will be swimming side by side. While resident whales prefer fish their counterpart the transient prefers marine mammals. The transient pods are not as reliable as their counterpart the resident in that they do not live in large pods and usually have a family of only ten whales or less. They do not rely on the mother figure to lead the group as the resident whales do. The transient pods diet is often geographically specific. They share their boundaries with both resident and the offshore whales. The offshore orca pods are typically smaller in size and they are less sexual dimorphism; both the male and female share the same features and appear less visually different. The resident pod and the transient pods have distinct differences between the male and female whales; not only is the male a larger mammal the male also has a top dorsal fin that can reach up to 5 to 6 feet out of the water while the female fin is not as profound. These different Orca species do share some common features as well; the orca is a highly sociable and curious mammal. They communicate with one another using clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls. Orcas prefer cool waters and rely on echolocation for navigation and discriminating between prey and other surrounding objects. Each species may have their own dialect as people do from different parts of the world. All three pod species also can share some of the same threats that are endangering their species all together. The Orca has no one to fear except for the human being; there is not an animal in the ocean that they fear. The threats that come can be from contaminants in the water, to depletion of their prey, a ship collision or oil spills. Whales can be threatened by noise, industry and even military activities. There is also the possibility of being caught in a fisherman’s line.

Effects of divorce :: essays research papers

Each year, over 1 million American children suffer the divorce of their parents; moreover, half of the children born this year to parents who are married will see their parents divorce before they turn 18. Mounting evidence in social science journals demonstrates that the devastating physical, emotional, and financial effects that divorce is having on these children will last well into adulthood and affect future generations. Among these broad and damaging effects are the following: †¢ Children whose parents have divorced are increasingly the victims of abuse. They exhibit more health, behavioral, and emotional problems, are involved more frequently in crime and drug abuse, and have higher rates of suicide. †¢ Children of divorced parents perform more poorly in reading, spelling, and math. They also are more likely to repeat a grade and to have higher drop-out rates and lower rates of college graduation. †¢ Families with children that were not poor before the divorce see their income drop as much as 50 percent. Almost 50 percent of the parents with children that are going through a divorce move into poverty after the divorce. †¢ Religious worship, which has been linked to better health, longer marriages, and better family life, drops after the parents divorce. The divorce of parents, even if it is amicable, tears apart the fundamental unit of American society. Today, according to the Federal Reserve Board's 1995 Survey of Consumer Finance, only 42 percent of children aged 14 to 18 live in a "first marriage" family--an intact two-parent married family. It should be no surprise to find that divorce is having such profound effects on society. Restoring the importance of marriage to society and the welfare of children will require politicians and civic leaders to make this one of their most important tasks. It also will require a modest commitment of resources to pro-marriage programs. Fiscal conservatives should realize that federal and state governments spend $150 billion per year to subsidize and sustain single-parent families.

The Crucible’ by Arthur Miller: A Summary

?Ben O'Connor Mr. Richards English 10 January 11th, 2009 -Crucible Essay- The Crucible written by Arthur Miller was a story in which takes place in a town called Salem, Massachusets. This story was directed towards the topic of the witch trials of 1692 and how the people were effected by the deaths and horrific torture treatments. The Crucible portrayed the perfect description of how the time of witch trials were so curropt and unfair. In this time if someone were to blame another person of something then the person blamed would immediatly be guilty and thrown in Jail or hung. Is Salem many people tried accusing people of different crimes so that they could gain power aswell as land. Thomas Putnam was greedy for land because more land meant more power. Thomas Putnam had giles killed because he wanted his land, so he simply acused him of something which would result in his death from â€Å"pressing†. Also in the text a woman named Abigail Williams loves a man named John Proctor however John is married, so Abigail accuses Johns wife Elizabeth of being in the precense of the devil. This in the mind of Abigail this will bring her and John closer togather however it only makes things worse. As many will see this time in Salem was a very terrible time and from 1692 to 2010 we have come a long way in our nation wide governmental system. In this time period there were many people accusing others of crimes so they could gain land, covet their neighbors wifes, or husbands, and much more. A man named Thomas Putnam was a greedy man and was hungry for land. Putnam rode to the farm of Giles Corey and told him that a section of GIles property was his. Of course Giles objected to this statement, and Putnam rode off. Thomas Putnam then accused Giles of a crime that would have him killed. Giles is brought in and he states â€Å"Thomas Putnam is reaching out for land. † pg. 84. however no one believes this statement and GIles is soon killed by the torture treatment called â€Å"pressing†. Fair trials in this town are completly absent and when someone is accused of something serious the odds of them being successful are very slim. During the time period of the witch trials there were not only aqusations dealing with peoples land but there was also conflicts with peoples relationships. Abigail Williams was a women who loved John Proctor however John was married to a women allready named Elizabeth. Abigail tries to seperate John and Elizabeth by accusing Elizabeth of being in the presence of the devil. Mary Warren a close person to Elizabeth and John and she states â€Å"But i said I never see no sign of you ever sent your spirit out to hurt no one, and seeing I do live closley with you, they dismissed it†. g. 59. Even with this strong statement with a women who lives with John and Elizabeth, it is still not enough evidence to keep Elizabeth safe. Abigail desperatly wants Elizabeth gone and out of the way so that she can have John, so she brings along many other women to help her cause and this shows great evidence that Elizabeth is guilty even though she isnt. Abagail's wishes go unanswered, because John ends up being exicuted due to Abigail's actions. Mrs. Putnam was a women who had 7 babies, 6 of which died extremly young. She has only one daughter living and she feels that it doesnt make sense that this many children could die all around the same age, around the same time. Mrs Putnam was sad, however grows angry and searches desperatly to put the blame on someone. â€Å"I knew it! Goody Osbourne were midwife to me three times. I begged you, Thomas, did I not ? I begged him not to call Osbourne because I feared her. My babaies always shriveled in her hands. â€Å". Goody Osbourne is desperate to place the blame on someones sholders, so she is going around and blaming everone she knows. What she did back then which was blame others for her pain i believe still exists for individuals today. Today when an individual has an issue many of them pass the blame to someone els so that they can feel better. The time of the witch trials must have been a horrible time in history, especiall for the innocent victims in the town. The way that the government ran in that time period compared to now have completly changed. In trials now there must be more evidence, and trials are longer for thought process, and time to gather evidence. In 1692 it was as simple as if you were acused of something then you were automatically looked at as bad and guilty and you would soon be thrown in jail or exicuted. The witch trials were a terrible time in history, and many great people died simply because of peoples jealousy, or their greed for land. After this time period America learned a great lesson, that all American Citzens have the full rights to a fair trial. With out fair trials, and strict rules there would be complete a narchy.

Hidden Curriculum and Processes Within Schools Produce...

Hidden Curriculum and Processes Within Schools Produce Inequalities Between Children of Different Social Classes Through many different researches, it has been shown that working class students are underachieving compared to that of their middle class peers. Middle class pupils are obtaining better grades, and more of them are staying on in education past the compulsory age. The difference that is noticeable is that they are from different social class backgrounds, and therefore they are socialised differently. In order to find out more about this, we need to discuss the reasons for differences between the ways in which the different social classes are taught in schools. The hidden curriculum†¦show more content†¦It could be that they are interested, but have more important work commitments; therefore they dont have time to visit the school. Also, the parents may be put off from visiting the school due to the ways in which the teachers interact with them. Teachers are more likely to have a better attitude to parents of middle class than working class, and this may be putting the parents off visiting the school and paying attention to their childs education. Many schools have a system where classes are divided into different ability groups. This is known as streaming. Peter Woods is a sociologist, whose research found that, in general, middle class students were placed in higher ability groups, and working class students were in lower groups. Most teachers admitted to having a preference of teaching the higher sets, because the students were better behaved. When educating the lower groups, the teacher often spent more time controlling behaviour, rather than teaching. The lower groups often had an anti-school subculture, in which breaking school rules was regarded as cool by some students. Due to this anti-school subculture and poor behaviour of the lower ability students, the teachers often expected less from them. This led to the students being deprived of higher knowledgeShow MoreRelated Social Class and Quality of Education Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the concerns regarding social justice in education is that there are m arginalised groups within society do not having equal access to the learning and life opportunities that they deserve. The concept of social justice stresses that every individual within society is entitled to have equal rights and opportunities. This means that an individual from a lower class background deserves the same opportunities as a person from a wealthier background. It is about becoming aware and recognising thatRead MoreImportance of Curriculum Foundations2440 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Curriculum planning involves making a series of choices (Saylor, Alexander and Lewis, p. 27) In the process of curriculum planning the three bases of curriculum should be considered these bases are society, learner and knowledge. Each of these bases is equally important and cannot be neglected. They are like three legs of a tripod stand, if one leg is bigger than the other than the tripod cannot stand. Similarly each of these bases cannot be given more importance over than the otherRead MoreThe Contribution of Functionalist Sociology to an Understanding of the Role of Education in Society2234 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are the functional relationships between the education system and other parts of the social system. Firstly, Functionalism is a theory. A theory based on â€Å"value consensus†. Functionalism is based on the view that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus (an agreement amongst society’s members about what values are important). Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have theirRead More Poverty, Racism, and Literacy Essay2294 Words   |  10 PagesPoverty, Racism, and Literacy A significant correlation between race and poverty exists, with Black and Hispanic Americans three times more likely to be impoverished than White Americans (Proctor and Dalaker 2002). The cycle of poverty and low-literacy functioning is well documented, as is the achievement gap between White students and students of color. Race is a persistent factor in employment statistics, educational attainment, and the acquisition of literacy skills, with significantly higherRead MoreThe Real American Dream : Realizing Education Inequality2569 Words   |  11 Pages Social Inequality November 20, 2014 Research Paper: Education Inequality The Real American Dream: Realizing Education Inequality through Intersectionality In recent years, the term intersectionality has taken the foregrounds in understanding how differences such as age, gender, race, sexuality, disability, and religion, etc., interweave and intersect upon individual lives in modern society (Beck 1992). Intersectionality has become a demonstration as to understand, employ, and analyze withRead MoreEssay on Class Distinctions in America5795 Words   |  24 Pagesany thing is possible. Many Americans subscribe to this pluralist view of the Country, believing that within our democratic system it is the majority who maintains control and sets policy. Unfortunately this idyllic country does not exist nor has it ever existed. America is made up of distinct social classes and the movement within those classes is for the most part, limited to the various classes in the middle where the lines of demarcation are blurred. Although the majority of the Countrys populationRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesearly learning and p develop ­ ent for California’s preschool m children. Young children are naturally eager to learn. However, not all of them enter kindergarten ready for school. All too often, children are already lagging behind their classmates, and this circumstance can impede their continued learning and development long past kindergarten. High-quality preschool teaching contributes to children’s longrange social and academic success, as well as their ability to express themselvesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesproblematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book isRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesintellectual strengths and capabilities rather than making artificial distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. He also has contributed widely to the accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking in the management accounting field. Michael has also contributed in a number of different institutional arenas: the academic, of course, but also those of the profession andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard

Tips on Oliver Twist Critical Essay

Before you dive into the world of rejection and heroism created by Charles Dickens, make sure you know the basic stages of the writing process you will have to face. They are the following: devising, detailed exploration, the essay content writing and finally – the reassessment. Before you set off to the local library to find the most suitable information for your assignment, remember – an attention-hooking topic is the central ingredient of professional critical literature review development. Make certain to produce an original topic. No need to get panic-stricken but this is actually the most complicated stage on your way to the first-class Oliver Twist critical essay designing. Dissimilar to any other sort of essay writing, your project on Chares Dickens’s masterpiece will turn out to be based exclusively on the topic statement you give preference to. Your essay writing perception along with your intentions are hidden in your topic sentence. Once you decide to surf the Oliver Twist pages, you actually get through the fraction of the essay writing devising stage. Now you’ve got to the moment when you have an opportunity to generate the essay topic claim. Options to ponder over Criticize the book’s characters and discuss their symbolism within the author’s world. In case you can call yourself a philosophy-addicted weirdo, you’re provided with a great opportunity to study the Oliver Twist from, let’s say, a Darwinist’s or an Aristotelian’s perspective. Mention a particular argument from the novel. Your task in this case is to attentively read the work of literature and investigate if Dickens actually made an effort to hide some philosophical (political, racist, etc.) assertions that can be discussed in your essay. Look at the central characters of the book from the point of view of the 21st century in order to understand their feelings and emotions and decide whether they were acting right or wrong and how would they behave in our era. Point out social, political or economic factors that stand behind the creation of Oliver Twist. Next step you’re supposed to take in the process of essay writing is definitely investigation. It’s time to pay a visit to the local library. You’re impressed, right? In spite of the fact that we live in the Internet age the library still retains the status of the primary reliable source for those who are in a desperate need of fresh and trustworthy literature information. Make sure to study Oliver Twist first for you won’t be able to generate solid content without having developed your own point of view. Then, over the web or in the library, read through some facts about the other writer’s texts, maybe make notes of some special quotations then jot down the information that adds up to your essay topic. Taking notes is like your personal lifebuoy for it gives you an opportunity to keep in mind every little thing that may be valuable for your paper. Once you’re armed with a lot of materials that supports your essay topic sentence and reveals the literature work from a fresh viewpoint, start working on your outline. At this very level you generate a commonly-used essay organization: opening or intro, discussion or body of the essay and the concluding paragraph. If you, the writer, make a decision to criticize Oliver Twist, you need to state the key arguments you are going to evaluate within the essay content. Then you provide clear citations that, as you truly believe, reveal the author’s thoughts on the arguments you base your project on. Next task is to confirm your reasoning step-by-step by using logically correct thoughts along with other supporting facts you’ve gathered while surfing on the internet or at the library. To make sure your reader won’t get lost in the kingdom of blurred ideas and place each fresh piece of information into a different section.

Color And The Color Of Color - 957 Words

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. The Colors of the rainbow, color shapes how we see our world. Color has been around before dinosaurs, and before that, and what ever was before that, so whenever that was color was there. There will always be an infinite amount of color because blending colors makes new colors and blending those colors makes, you get the point. But are we really seeing theses colors? Is our brains just misleading us? Those questions will be answered through this presentation and many other colorful questions will be too, so let s dive into our world of color. First let’s lay it out in lavender, with the history of color scientifically. Then we will â€Å"blend† into the science of color, and illusions. Next we will talk about how color affects our mood and life. Lastly let roll out the red carpet for, how the world looks at color. There is no history of how color came about. Mind Blowing right? Well there is history of science behind th is phenomenon. Let’s start by defining color, color is â€Å"the property of reflecting light of a particular wavelength: the distinct colors of the spectrum are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, each of these shading into the next; the primary colors of the spectrum are red, green, and blue, the light beams of which variously combined can produce any of the colors† Now with that defined let me explain who discovered this thing called the Electromagnetic spectrum. Isaac Newton in the 1600’s,Show MoreRelatedColor Of Color And Color Essay2168 Words   |  9 Pages Color chart- a brief explanation You must have heard of color charts by now! Today, most companies are making use of charts to represent different objects. Color is subjective, and each color represents different ideas. Basically, it is found that there are different shapes of a single color which are referred to with different names. With the help of a chart it is possible to describe the color of bromeliad parts. Now, there is no need of referring to a color as red or yellow, instead, you haveRead MoreColor And The Perception Of Color1371 Words   |  6 Pages Color and the Perception of Color Cynthia Xu Stoller Middle School Perception. The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through one of the five senses (Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell, 2000). In other words, it is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information. Perception must be understood according to figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, and other organizing principles. At work in the interpretation of sensory stimuli are other perceptualRead MoreThe Color White Is A Color Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe color white is a great color to use when decorating the interior of the home. It brings a feel of cleanliness to just about any room. Unfortunately the color white can be a difficult color to decorate with if it is not used properly throughout the home. If the color white is not accented with some other colors and shades it can make a home feel very dull and boring. Follow these steps and your home can be decorated with the color white beautifully throughout. The secret to the color white isRead MoreThe E ffects Of Color Additives On Food Color1561 Words   |  7 PagesFood color is added to many of the foods we eat. Food color are added dyes, pigments or substances that give color when used in a food, cosmetics, drugs, or the human body. In the United States all color additives are controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Colors additives that are classified ‘exempt from certification’ or ‘certifiable’ or authorized for use in foods. Pigments that are derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals, or animals and manmade counter partRead MoreColor and Painting923 Words   |  4 Pagescm); frame 56  ¼ x 46  ½ x 2 in. (142.88 x 118.11 x 5.08 cm). The artwork and the label were well lighted and easy to appreciate. The reason for choosing this piece of artwork was because of its relaxing colors, calming landscape, angelic surroundings. As you walk into the room, the vibrant colors stand out and make your focus go straight to that painting. In the painting, the scenery is very calming and relaxing. The woman and muse are playing calming music on a rock by a spring. Also the water flowingRead MoreColor Psychology975 Words   |  4 PagesColor is defined as â€Å"the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by the object, usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and brightness of the reflected light; saturation or chroma; hue† (Webster’s Dictionary). Color is an extremely powerful psychological tool used across the globe. Our world would be bland and boring without the use of color in our everyday lives. Using color psychology can encourage sales, calm a crowd, and even help a person sendRead MoreColor and Mood1595 Words   |  7 P agesmanipulation of the color of questionnaire had no effect on mood. However, there was an effect of time of day on mood as well as an effect of gender on mood. The results did not support the main hypothesis that different colors would elicit different moods. Thus, this study found no support for the prediction that brighter colors would elicit positive moods, whereas less bright colors would elicit negative moods. These results do not support past research findings that brighter colors tend to elicitRead MoreThe Color Blue Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesand green. Blue as discussed earlier was represented as the color of the God and other religious concepts, so the major incorporation of the color blue in the reliquary chasse indicated the spiritual significance it carried. Envisioning blue on the chasse unified people to Jesus Christ. Many of the reliquary chasse of the 12th century narrated a story; this individual one narrates the crucifixion of Christ. There are several ke y figures engraved throughout the exterior of the chasse, however sinceRead MoreColor Theory3734 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract Color is everywhere, everyday. It can be interesting and helpful to research the ways that color can affect a person’s everyday lives, not just for artists and photographers. Different colors can convey feelings and affect a person’s mood and behavior in many ways. The basic research question for this paper is: In what ways do colors affect one’s mood and how can they be used to people’s advantage? These answers can be found by reviewing journals, books, and articles that feature expertRead MoreColor of Water972 Words   |  4 PagesThe Color of Water: A Black Man s Tribute to His White Mother by James McBride Discussion questions Discuss Ruth McBride s refusal to reveal her past and how that influenced her children s sense of themselves and their place in the world. Why was she reluctant to tell her children about her background? How has your knowledge—or lack thereof—about your family background shaped your own self-image? Do you get a sense of life under the old Jewish traditions? How does that compare to the

Internal Business Negotiations Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Question: Negotiation is not a process reserved only for the skilled diplomat, top salesperson, or ardent advocate for an organized lobby; it is something that everyone does, almost daily (Lewicki et al 2011: 2). Critically evaluate this statement, does it mean that Negotiation skills are basically the same wherever they are practised? Answer: Introduction With time, organizations have evolved and expanded in different parts of the world. the organizations like Google, Amazon and Microsoft has expanded across the world. The penetration of e-commerce, computers and Internet have further pushed the agenda of international business. It is expected that the transactions in the international market would continue to grow (Ting?Toomey, 2015). Amidst all these, organizations have realized the importance of negotiations. As more businesses expand their focus to include foreign markets, the demand for competent international management professionals, who can negotiate better, increases. The objective of this paper is to discuss the statement Negotiation is not a process reserved only for the skilled diplomat, top salesperson, or ardent advocate for an organized lobby; it is something that everyone does, almost daily (Lewicki et al 2011: 2). Negotiation Simply defined, negotiation is bargaining (give and take) process between two or more parties (each with its own aims, needs, and viewpoints) seeking to discover a common ground and reach an agreement to settle a matter of mutual concern or resolve a conflict. It is something that people across different cadre and position do. In fact, negotiation is something that is practices not only in professional life but also in personal life. it would be correct to say that negotiation is a powerful instrument that is used by skilled diplomat as well as a housewife. The general rule of negotiation is that it includes two or more than two parties (Franke Richey, 2010). Context of Negotiation The power of international business negotiation is evident from the fact that the institutions that once competed heavily with each other now share data and information relative to the ever-changing collegiate business world. There are steps that organizations go through starting from the very inception (Groves Feyerherm, 2015). This is known as organizational life cycle and it continues to the termination. These steps are sequences of advancements that are not random events. It would be correct to say that organizations and business professionals would need the skills of negotiation at each of these steps. One of the basic and fundamental objective of negotiation is to get more (Zheng Martin, 2014). It can happen only when negotiators and leaders focuses on 4Cs of negotiation. These can be discussed as: Four Cs of negotiation The four Cs of negotiation ensures that people gain during any negotiation process. These four Cs should be considered as different strategy for negotiation. It is generally advised to use a sequence or pattern while using these negotiation strategies. Each of the four Cs of negotiation in the preferred sequence can be discussed as: Compelling This strategy means that the party should insist the other party to accept the terms. In case of a business scenario, the organization or sales person would force supplier to accept the terms of purchase (Mircica, 2014). This type of negotiation strategy is used when one party has more power over other. Collaborating This strategy comes into picture when the compelling approach does not work. In this strategy of negotiation, the focus is on mutual benefit. This type of negotiation strategy is used when both the parties has more or less equal power. Compromising This strategy is generally used when the above two strategies have failed and still one of the party wants negotiation to happen. The output in this negotiation strategy is that one of the party ends up compromising on some parts. For example, a deal with two businesses can be compromised on price levels. Caving In This type of negotiation strategy is practiced only when the above three strategies are not able to provide any fruitful results. This strategy means that negotiation has failed and the process need to be started again from scratch (Long Javidi, 2016). Distributive Interactive Negotiation The terms Distributive Interactive Negotiation coins from the terms of Distributive Interactive bargain. In distributive negotiation, the outcome is generally a win lose situation as the benefit of one party is at the cost of loss of other party. In interactive negotiation, the outcome is generally a win-win situation as the benefit of one party is dependent on the benefit of another party (Cseh Davis, 2013). Context of Negotiation in todays Globalized Environment Negotiation is something that is not only limited to business world or sales person. People can also do, or in fact, people have to do negotiation in daily life also. The housewife who would purchase the daily household needs may also negotiate a deal with the vendor or service provider (Mor Morris, 2013). A child can also negotiate with parents for a perfect summer break. Likewise, there can be various examples of negotiation happening in the day-to-day life. It means that negotiation is something that is fundamental to life. However, it is important to mention that the process of negotiation could change across different situations (Louhiala-Salminen Kankaanranta, 2011). The process of negotiation between the diplomats of two countries would be completely different than the process of negotiation between sales persons and the process of negotiation between a family. The process of negotiation would also depend on the objective that the parties wish to achieve. The process of nego tiation could be smoother if both the parties want win-win situation. The process of negotiation would also depend on the gravity of situation and the owner. Various business or other meetings can fail because there is no owner. For example, the negotiation around environmental preservation across the nations has not resulted into powerful results because there is no owner who can actually get the negotiation done (Dygert Barrett, 2016). Linkage theory in negotiation process The specifics of negotiation process and issue linkage can be discussed as: Negotiation process The process of negotiation is a very open process. Generally, every negotiation process would have five phases. These phases can be discussed as: Phase 1: Preparation Planning This is the phase in which all the parties involved in the negotiation process would plan for the negotiation. In this phase, the focus is on the expected outcome from the negotiation process (Saunders, 2012). Phase 2: Defining the ground rules This is the phase in which all the parties agree on the defined ground rules. This phase could be considered as the phase in which the boundary condition to the negotiation process are established (Lin Kraus, 2014). Phase 3: Clarification Justification This is the phase in which parties seeks and justification or clarification that they want from the other parties involved in the negotiation process (Beenen Barbuto, 2014). Phase 4: Bargaining problem solving This is the phase in which actual bargain happens. This is the phase in which one of the 4Cs of negotiation would be actually implemented. It can be said that this is one of the most important phase of entire negotiation process (Donahue, 2013). Closure Implementation This is the phase in which both the parties agree upon a common solution. As an output of this phase the parties involved in the negotiation process finalized and closed the terms and conditions of negotiation (Acheson, 2016). Significance to negotiation linkage The process and success of negotiation in the business world would also depend on the skills of managers and leaders. When managers receive feedback internally and externally, it is important to analyze the information in order to make informed decisions about future actions. When there is a vast amount of information available to managers, they should try to implement filters so that information is disseminated to the proper channels to be utilized in helpful ways. Luo Shenkar (2011) mentioned that the use of liaisons can be helpful to filter and communicate changes with teams in order to keep everyone aligned toward specific goals. The learning from the negotiation in business world is that successful negotiation depends a lot on communication. Issue Linkage It is also important to highlight that the negotiation skills may not be same across different types of negotiation. The negotiation in business world and diplomat is more formal in nature as compared to the negotiation in personal life. The difference in the negotiation style can also arise from cultural background (Phelps Adams, 2007). While doing negotiations, there could be a linkage among various issues. Therefore, it is important that the parties involved in the negotiation process should first understand the linked or associated variables (Huffmeier Mazei, 2015). The understanding of various linked and associated variables and factors would enable the parties involved in the negotiation process to take good measures to succeed and move forward in the negotiation. BATNA in linked negotiation process BATNA or best alternative to a negotiated agreement is the most beneficial course of action in a negotiation process. The role of BATNA particularly increases when the parties have the options to explore multiple options (Fischer Bajaj, 2017). For example, is a startup has to sell its business and the company has the offer form one domestic player and two international players. The linked alternatives could be: Alternative 1: The domestic player would but the small firm in an equity payment of 10 installments Alterative 2: The international player would buy the firm at a 20% mark up for 15 installments Alternative 3: The other international firm would buy the firm with all-cash deal at 90% of the market price Factors affecting negotiation There are various factors that affect the negotiation process (Patriotta Kumar, 2011). These are the factors like expected outcome from the negotiation, parties involved in the negotiation, etc. The specific aspects of factors affecting the negotiation process can be discussed as: Cultural impact on negotiation One of the most important thing about negotiation is that the people involved in the negotiation process should be aware that cultural differences can make or break the negotiation. The way business negotiation is done in Australia may be completely different than the way negotiation is done in Pakistan or India (Druckman Wagner, 2016). Effect of trust, Aspiration and Gender on Negotiation The things like trust, gender, biasness and aspirations also have a direct impact on negotiation process. The negotiation process could be effective when parties have trust in each other. Likewise, the output of negotiation could also depend on personal aspiration of people. If people have personal aspiration to close the deal then they would work hard to close the negotiation process (Schoop Kohne, 2010). Effect of Demography, culture, economic barriers on ethicality of negotiation Behavior The factors like demography, economic conditions, ethical outlook and culture can also affect negotiation process. The negotiation process could be easy when the parties belong to same culture (Brett, 2017). Negotiation Skills The negotiation skills are basically not same wherever they are practiced because the required negotiation skills would differ on number of factors like expected outcome from the negotiation, parties involved in the negotiation, etc. Therefore, it would be correct to say that any diplomat may need more formal skills as compared to a parent (Shell, 2011). A sales person may need cunning negotiation skills and a leader or a manager may need collaborative negotiation skills. The need of specific skills for negotiation would also depend on the type of negotiation. The stakeholders tend to be more relaxed when negotiation is internal in nature and the stakeholders tend to more aggressive when negotiation is external in nature. It is important that both the parties involved in the negotiation should first learn about the other party. Jennings Faratin (2001) argued that the process of negotiation is easy when the parties involved in the negotiation process know each other. Thus, as leaders hip reflects leader and followers in terms of trust and building relationships, the occurrence of organizational members that are interested in only doing their tasks and duties, is also a possibility. They are strictly contractual and job focused without personal relationships with the leader (formal responsibilities and defined roles), in the workplace (Fisher, 2016). This group is not willing to accept expanded responsibilities and new roles to make extra efforts. Task- or relationship motivated negotiation can be derived from this perspective. This is down to the way in which the leader views the capabilities of this culture, with a certain need to overcome prejudices apparent in this study. If we look at Satya Nadella, he has done very well since taking charge at Microsoft in 2014, and is of Indian background (Haselhuhn Wong, 2014). Long-time employees assert that morale has been better than in previous years since he has taken over and this has been possible only because of h is excellent business negotiation skills. Conclusion The above paper discusses the process of negotiation and various intricacies involved in the negotiation process. With the above discussion, it can be said that negotiation is a key skill that could be utilized at various levels. The term negotiation is a generic term; however, it has vast implications. The conclusion achieved from above discussion is that Negotiation is not a process reserved only for the skilled diplomat, top salesperson, or ardent advocate for an organized lobby; it is something that everyone does, almost daily. However, the negotiation skills are not the same basically everywhere. The negotiation skills depend a lot on the external environment. Precisely, the negotiation skills in corporate world would be different than the negotiation skills at a war front or within a family. Therefore, it is important that negotiation should be learned and practiced within the given eco-system. It is also possible that the negotiators that are good in one of the situation may n ot perform well in different situations. Therefore, negotiation must be practiced within the context and as per the external variables and factors. References Aarons, G.A., Fettes, D.L., Hurlburt, M.S., Palinkas, L.A., Gunderson, L., Willging, C.E. and Chaffin, M.J., 2014. Collaboration, negotiation, and coalescence for interagency-collaborative teams to scale-up evidence-based practice.Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology,43(6), pp.915-928. Acheson, D., 2016. 6 Negotiation dynamics.International Negotiation: Process and Strategies, p.107. Beenen, G. and Barbuto Jr, J.E., 2014. Let's Make a Deal: A Dynamic Exercise for Practicing Negotiation Skills.Journal of Education for Business,89(3), pp.149-155. Brett, J.M., 2017. Culture and negotiation strategy.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,32(4). Cseh, M., Davis, E.B. and Khilji, S.E., 2013. Developing a global mindset: Learning of global leaders.European Journal of Training and Development,37(5), pp.489-499. Donahue, C., 2013. Negotiation, translinguality, and cross-cultural writing research in a new composition era.Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms, pp.149-161. Druckman, D. and Wagner, L.M., 2016. Justice and negotiation.Annual review of psychology,67, pp.387-413. Dygert, C. and Barrett, H., 2016. Building Your Licensing and Negotiation Skills Toolkit.The Serials Librarian,70(1-4), pp.333-342. Fisher, R.J., 2016. Generic principles for resolving intergroup conflict. InRonald J. Fisher: A North American Pioneer in Interactive Conflict Resolution(pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Fischer, L.H. and Bajaj, A.K., 2017. Learning How to Ask: Women and Negotiation.Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,139(3), pp.753-758. Franke, G.R. and Richey Jr, R.G., 2010. Improving generalizations from multi-country comparisons in international business research.Journal of International Business Studies,41(8), pp.1275-1293. Groves, K.S., Feyerherm, A. and Gu, M., 2015. Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness.Journal of Management Education,39(2), pp.209-243. Haselhuhn, M.P., Wong, E.M., Ormiston, M.E., Inesi, M.E. and Galinsky, A.D., 2014. Negotiating face-to-face: Men's facial structure predicts negotiation performance.The Leadership Quarterly,25(5), pp.835-845. Jennings, N.R., Faratin, P., Lomuscio, A.R., Parsons, S., Wooldridge, M.J. and Sierra, C., 2001. Automated negotiation: prospects, methods and challenges.Group Decision and Negotiation,10(2), pp.199-215. Kumar, R. and Patriotta, G., 2011. Culture and international alliance negotiations: a sensemaking perspective.International Negotiation,16(3), pp.511-533. Lin, R., Kraus, S. and Mazliah, Y., 2014. Training with automated agents improves people's behavior in negotiation and coordination tasks.Decision Support Systems,60, pp.1-9. Luo, Y. and Shenkar, O., 2011. Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business.Journal of International Management,17(1), pp.1-14. Louhiala-Salminen, L. and Kankaanranta, A., 2011. Professional communication in a global business context: The notion of global communicative competence.IEEE Transactions on professional communication,54(3), pp.244-262. Long, L.W., Javidi, M., Hill, L.B. and Normore, A.H., 2016. Credible Negotiation Leadership: Using Principled Negotiation to.Handbook of Research on Effective Communication, Leadership, and Conflict Resolution, p.430. Mazei, J., Huffmeier, J., Freund, P.A., Stuhlmacher, A.F., Bilke, L. and Hertel, G., 2015. A meta-analysis on gender differences in negotiation outcomes and their moderators.Psychological bulletin,141(1), p.85. Mircica, N., 2014. Constructive Communication in Effective Negotiation.Analysis and Metaphysics, (13), pp.64-72. Mor, S., Morris, M.W. and Joh, J., 2013. Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills: The crucial role of cultural metacognition.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.453-475. Phelps, R., Adams, R., Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: A review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30. Saunders, M.N., 2012. Organizational trust: A cultural perspective.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,26(2). Schoop, M., Kohne, F. and Ostertag, K., 2010. Communication quality in business negotiations.Group decision and negotiation,19(2), pp.193-209. Shell, G, R. (2011) Teaching Ideas: Bargaining Styles and Negotiation: The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument in Negotiation Training. Negotiation Journal, 17(2), pp155-174. Ting?Toomey, S., 2015. Identity negotiation theory.The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Zheng, X., Martin, P., Brohman, K. and Da Xu, L., 2014. Cloud service negotiation in internet of things environment: A mixed approach.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,10(2), pp.1506-1515